[Clinical analysis of 30 cases of basal ganglia germinoma in children].

OBJECTIVE: To summarize and analyze the clinical characteristics of children with basal ganglia germinoma and to improve the level of early clinical diagnosis. METHODS: The clinical data of children diagnosed with basal ganglia germinoma admitted to the Pediatric Surgery Ward of Peking University First Hospital from January 2013 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed, and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the clinical characteristics of children with basal ganglia germinoma. RESULTS: A total of 30 patients were included in the study, 28 were male, 2 were female, the mean age at onset was (9.7±2.2) years, the median disease duration was 7 months, 27 had unilateral disease, and 3 had bilateral disease. The clinical manifestations were decreased limb muscle strength, cognitive function disorders, polydipsia, precocious puberty, intracranial hypertension, dysphonia and swallowing dysfunction. The serum and cerebrospinal fluid tumor marker alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were normal in the 30 patients, and the serum and cerebrospinal fluid tumor marker ß-human chorionic gonadotropin (ß-HCG) were normal in 8 patients.The serum ß-HCG was normal in 11 patients but the cerebrospinal fluid ß-HCG was slightly elevated, and the serum and cerebrospinal fluid ß-HCG were slightly elevated in 11 patients. A total of 33 lesions with irregular shapes were found by imaging examination, including 15 (45.5%) patchy lesions, 10 (30.3%) patchy lesions, and 8 (24.2%) round-like high-density lesions. Tumors showed obvious high-density shadows on computed tomography (CT) scan. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the tumors showed low or isointensity on T1WI and isointensity on T2WI, accompanied by mild peritumoral edema, hemispheric atrophy, cerebral peduncle atrophy, calcification, cystic degeneration, ventricular dilatation and wallerian degeneration. On contrast-enhanced scans, the tumor showed no enhancement or heterogeneous enhancement. CONCLUSION: The main age of onset of germ cell tumors in the basal ganglia in children is about 10 years old, and males are absolutely dominant. The clinical features and imaging manifestations have certain characteristics. With both combined, the early diagnosis of germ cell tumors in the basal ganglia can be improved.

Effects of three different first-aid training methods on knowledge retention of caregivers and teachers: a randomized and longitudinal cohort study in China.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of pediatric first-aid training methods on caregivers' and teachers' knowledge retention. STUDY DESIGN: This was a randomized longitudinal cohort study. METHODS: A stratified random sampling method was used to select 1282 caregivers and teachers with the help of local education authorities in 18 districts and 1 county of Shanghai, China. The selected caregivers and teachers were randomly allocated into groups that were exposed to 3 models of training, including an interactive training model (group A), lecture-based training model (group B), and video instruction training model (group C), for pediatric first-aid training for caregivers and teachers (PedFACTs). Before and after the training, a descriptive questionnaire composed of demographic information and 37 simple-choice questions about first aid was administered. During the follow-up, 120 caregivers and teachers from each of the three methods were randomized and retested 9 months after their training and 120 caregivers and teachers were randomly reselected in each of the three methods and retested 4 years after their training. RESULTS: Immediately after training, there was a significant difference in the postassessment results between groups A and B (P = 0.002) as well as between groups A and C (P < 0.001). The average interactive training model score was the highest, followed by the instruction training model and video instruction training model. There was no significant difference among the three groups in the reassessment scores at 9 months and 4 years after training (P = 0.744, P = 0.595). The difference in passing the assessment among the three groups at 9 months or 4 years after training was not maintained at a significant level. CONCLUSION: The three training methods did not affect knowledge retention of the caregivers and teachers at nine months or four years after training completion. Video instruction may be an effective, convenient, and feasible method to train caregivers and teachers.

[Analysis of labor progression characteristics of 1 089 nulliparas managed by the new partogram].

Objective: To analyze labor progression characteristics among nulliparas and provide reference to labor progress management. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 1 089 women who went for vaginal delivery at the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yet-San University from January 1st, 2015 to May 31th, 2016. The duration of cervical dilation from 1.0 cm to the next and the process of initial cervical dilation (2.0 cm or 3.0 cm) to full cervical dilation of nulliparas were analyzed. Results: The cervical dilation speed was accelerating with the progress of labor. The rate of cervical dilation changed fastest between 5.0-6.0 cm dilation, which was more than 3.0 cm/hour. With regard to labor curves, at admission of 2.0 cm cervical dilation, it rose dramatically from 5.0 cm dilation. At admission of 3.0 cm dilation, it presented approximately linear rising before 5.5 cm dilation, then became steeper. Conclusions: The cervical dilation speed is fast. Both labor curves of initial cervical dilation (2.0 cm or 3.0 cm) to full cervical dilation show obvious acceleration stage with steep slope.

Association of the CD226 single nucleotide polymorphism with systemic lupus erythematosus in the Chinese Han population.

A novel non-synonymous (Gly307Ser) variant, rs763361, of the CD226 gene on chromosome 18q22 was recently shown to be associated with multiple autoimmune diseases. Taking into consideration that different autoimmune diseases may share some common pathogenic pathways, in this study we performed case-control studies to assess any genetic linkage with systemic lupus erythemtosus (SLE). An association between the Gly307Ser single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and susceptibility to SLE was identified. The TT genotype [odds ratio (OR) = 1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07-3.01, P = 0.025] and the T allele (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.05-1.74, P = 0.018) of the rs763361 SNP were associated with the risk of SLE. This finding indicates that polymorphism of Gly307Ser (rs763361) in exon 7 of the CD226 gene may be associated with the development of SLE.

HIV/AIDS education effects on behaviour among senior high school students in a medium-sized city in China.

Few studies have examined the long-term effects of peer-led HIV prevention in Chinese adolescents. A two-year follow-up study was conducted among senior high school students in a medium-sized city of Fujian Province, from 1 March 2006 to 30 April 2008. In all, 3068 students from 14 schools were invited in March 2006, and 893 students in five schools were followed up. Data were collected at baseline, right after intervention (one month later) and two years later by a self-administered questionnaire. In the intervention group, the average knowledge score including reproductive health and HIV/AIDS/sexually transmitted diseases rose from 4.30 to 7.06 one month later (P < 0.01) and to 7.08 two years later (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference between the average knowledge score after one month and two years (P > 0.05). Sustained increases were found in the attitude scores towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) and intention of condom use after intervention. The study indicates that peer-led HIV prevention education succeeds in improving and sustaining HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and some behaviour intentions. Future research should focus on strategies to sustain long-term behaviour change.

Effectiveness of peer education in HIV/STD prevention at different types of senior high schools in Shanghai, People's Republic of China.

The epidemic of HIV/AIDS greatly threatens Chinese youth. Our study was intended to examine the effectiveness of the peer education method in HIV/AIDS prevention in different types of senior high schools in Shanghai. A peer education intervention was conducted in 10 different types of senior high schools, including three key senior schools, four ordinary senior schools and three vocational schools in Shanghai for three months. A cohort of 1910 students was surveyed (n=976 intervention group, n=934 control group) through anonymous questionnaires, both pre- and postintervention. There were significant differences in the results among these different types of senior schools. Peer education is an efficient method of increasing the knowledge of AIDS/sexually transmitted diseases in senior school students. However, the contents and the schedule should be different between different types of schools, and students in vocational schools require more health education.

Effects of yeast culture and fibrolytic enzyme supplementation on in vitro fermentation characteristics of low-quality cereal straws.

The effects of yeast culture and fibrolytic enzyme preparation (containing cellulase and xylanase) on in vitro fermentation characteristics of rice straw, wheat straw, maize stover, and maize stover silage were examined using an in vitro gas production technique. Four levels of yeast culture and fibrolytic enzyme supplements (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 g/kg of straw DM, respectively) were tested in a 4 x 4 factorial arrangement. Supplementation of yeast culture increased the cumulative gas production, theoretical maximum of gas production, rate of gas production, IVDMD, and in vitro OM disappearance (IVOMD), and decreased the lag time for each type of straw. Fibrolytic enzyme supplementation tended to increase cumulative gas production, theoretical maximum of gas production, and rate of gas production; prolonged lag time of gas production; and enhanced IVDMD and IVOMD for 4 types of cereal straws, with the significance of this effect being dependent on the level of supplemented enzymes. There were significant interactions between fibrolytic enzymes and yeast on all in vitro gas production parameters, IVDMD, and IVOMD of each type of straw. The outcome of this research indicated that the application of fibrolytic enzyme preparation and yeast culture could improve in vitro gas production fermentation of cereal straws.

[Studies on synthesis of glutathione by E. coli BL21 (pTrc-gsh) coupled with Saccharomyces cerevisiae].

During synthesis of GSH by the engineered strain E. coli BL21(pTrc-gsh) coupled with Saccharomyces cerevisiae producing ATP from adenosin, the inconsistency of two systems in the concentration of phosphate buffer was solved by decreasing concentration to 250 mmol/L. The conditions under 250 mmol/L phosphate buffer were optimized and the yield of GSH was 1.6 g/L, which was higher than that of summation by two systems under the same conditions respectively. Addition of glycine later after glutamate and cysteine weakened the inhibition of GSH to GSHI. It made the yield of GSH reach to 2.13 g/L which was 30.7% higher than the control.

[Cloning and expression of the genes of glutathione synthetases].

The genes(gsh-I,gsh-II) for gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase(GSH-I) and glutathione synthetase(GSH-II) from Escherichia coli B were amplified by PCR and then subcloned into plasmid pUC19 respectively. The DNA fragments harboring gshII and gsh I were inserted into plasmid pTrc99A one by one to get a hybrid plasmid pTrc-gsh. E. coli BL21 was transformed by pTrc-gsh for expression of the related enzymes. Analysis of SDS-PAGE showed that the expected products were expressed. E. coli BL21(pTrc-gsh) were incubated at 37 degrees C and pH 7.2 to OD550 = 0.5. The conditions were then switched to 34 degrees C and pH6.7 after the addition of 0.1 mmol/L IPTG. The expressed products were up to 25% of the total protein of the bacteria. Acetone-treated cells of the engineered strain could synthesize GSH efficiently.

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms can cause different structural folds of mRNA.

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common type of genetic variation in man. Genes containing one or more SNPs can give rise to two or more allelic forms of mRNAs. These mRNA variants may possess different biological functions as a result of differences in primary or higher order structures that interact with other cellular components. Here we report the observation of marked differences in mRNA secondary structure associated with SNPs in the coding regions of two human mRNAs: alanyl tRNA synthetase and replication protein A, 70-kDa subunit (RPA70). Enzymatic probing of SNP-containing allelic fragments of the mRNAs revealed pronounced allelic differences in cleavage pattern at sites 14 or 18 nt away from the SNP, suggesting that a single-nucleotide variation can give rise to different mRNA folds. By using phosphorothioate oligodeoxyribonucleotides complementary to the region of different allelic structures in the RPA70 mRNA, but not extending to the SNP itself, we find that the SNP exerts an allele-specific effect on the accessibility of its flanking site in the endogenous human RPA70 mRNA. This further supports the allele-specific structural features identified by enzymatic probing. These results demonstrate the contribution of common genetic variation to structural diversity of mRNA and suggest a broader role than previously thought for the effects of SNPs on mRNA structure and, ultimately, biological function.

Pseudo-cyclic oligonucleotides: in vitro and in vivo properties.

We have designed and studied antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (oligonucleotides; oligos) which we call 'pseudo-cyclic oligonucleotides' (PCOs). PCOs contain two oligonucleotide segments attached through their 3'-3'- or 5'-5'-ends. One of the segments of the PCO is an antisense oligo complementary to a target mRNA, and the other is a short protective oligo that is 5-8 nucleotides long and complementary to the 3'- or 5'-end of the antisense oligo. As a result of complementarity between the antisense and protective oligo segments, PCOs form intramolecular pseudo-cyclic structures in the absence of the target RNA. The antisense oligo segment of PCOs used for the studies described here is complementary to an 18-nucleotide-long site on the mRNA of the protein kinase A regulatory subunit RIalpha (PKA-RIalpha). Thermal melting studies of PCOs in the absence and presence of the complementary RNA suggest that the pseudo-cyclic structures formed in the absence of the target RNA dissociate, bind to the target RNA, and form heteroduplexes. The results of RNase H cleavage assays suggest that PCOs bind to complementary RNA and activate RNase H in a manner similar to that of an 18-mer conventional antisense PS-oligo. In snake venom (a 3'-exonuclease) or spleen (a 5'-exonuclease) phosphodiesterase digestion studies, PCOs are more stable than conventional antisense oligos because of the presence of 3'-3'- or 5'-5'-linkages and the formation of intramolecular pseudo-cyclic structures. PCOs with a phosphorothioate antisense oligo segment inhibited cell growth of MDA-MB-468 and GEO cancer cell lines similar to that of the conventional antisense PS-oligo, suggesting efficient cellular uptake and target binding. The nuclease stability studies in mice suggest that PCOs have higher in vivo stability than antisense PS-oligos. The studies in mice showed similar pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution profiles for PCOs to those of antisense PS-oligos in general, but rapid elimination from selected tissues.

Impact of mixed-backbone oligonucleotides on target binding affinity and target cleaving specificity and selectivity by Escherichia coli RNase H.

All phosphorothioate mixed-backbone oligonucleotides (MBOs) composed of deoxyribonucleotide and 2'-O-methylribonucleotide segments were studied for their target binding affinity, specificity, and RNase H activation properties. The 2'-O-methylribonucleotide segment, which does not activate RNase H, serves as a high affinity target-binding domain and the deoxyribonucleotide (DNA) segment, which binds to the target with a lower affinity than the former domain, serves as an RNase H-activation or target-cleaving domain. In order to understand the influence of the size and position of the DNA segment of MBOs on RNase H-mediated cleavage of the RNA target, we designed and synthesized a series of 18-mer MBOs with the DNA segment varying from a stretch of two to eight deoxyribonucleotides in the middle, at the 5'-end, or at the 3'-end, of the MBOs. UV absorbance melting experiments of the duplexes of the MBOs with the complementary and singly mismatched RNA targets suggest that the target binding affinity of the MBOs increases as the number of 2'-O-methylribonucleotides increases, and that the binding specificity is influenced by the size and position of the DNA segment. Analysis of RNase H assay results indicates that the minimum substrate cleavage site and cleavage efficiency of RNase H are influenced by the position of the DNA segment in the MBO sequence. RNA cleavage efficiency decreases as the position of the DNA segment of the MBO.RNA heteroduplex is changed from the 3'-end to the middle and to the 5'-end of the target strand. Studies with singly mismatched targets indicate that the RNase H-dependent point mutation selectivity of the MBOs is affected by both the position and size of the DNA segment in the MBO sequence.

A mild and efficient solid-support synthesis of novel oligonucleotide conjugates.

Conjugates of oligodeoxyribonucleotide phosphorothioate (ODN-PS) with folic acid, retinoic acid, arachidonic acid, and methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)propionic acid have been synthesized. The procedure involved the initial solid-phase preparation of 5'-amino-functionalized ODN-PS using N-pent-4-enoyl-derived (PNT) nucleoside phosphoramidites followed by conjugation of the oligonucleotide either to the ligand acids, using 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide as a coupling reagent, or to their corresponding succinimidyl derivatives. Subsequent exposure of the support to aqueous ammonium hydroxide (28%, 2 h, 55 degrees C) resulted in the release of the fully deprotected ODN conjugates, which were purified by reversed-phase HPLC or by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The identity of the oligonucleotide conjugates was confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectral analysis.

A characteristic bent conformation of RNA pseudoknots promotes -1 frameshifting during translation of retroviral RNA.

The structures of four different RNA pseudoknots that provide one of the signals required for ribosomal frameshifting in mouse mammary tumor virus have been determined by NMR. The RNA pseudoknots have similar sequences and assume similar secondary structures, but show significantly different frameshifting efficiencies. The three-dimensional structures of one frameshifting and one non-frameshifting RNA pseudoknot had been determined previously by our group. Here we determine the structures of two new RNA pseudoknots, and relate the structures of all four pseudoknots to their frameshifting abilities. The two efficient frameshifting pseudoknots adopt characteristic bent conformations with stem 1 bending towards the major groove of stem 2. In contrast, the two poor frameshifting pseudoknots have structures very different from each other and from the efficient frameshifters. One has linear, coaxially stacked stems, the other has stems twisted and bent, but in the opposite direction to the efficient frameshifters. Changes in loop size that favor bending (shorter loops) increase frameshifting efficiency; longer loops that allow linear arrangement of the stems decrease frameshifting. Frameshifting pseudoknots in feline immunodeficiency virus and simian retrovirus have different loop sequences, but the sequences at their stem junctions imply the same bent conformation as in the mouse mammary tumor viral RNA. The requirement for a precise pseudoknot conformation for efficient frameshifting strongly implies that a specific interaction occurs between the viral RNA pseudoknot and the host protein-synthesizing machinery.

Synthesis and NMR of RNA with selective isotopic enrichment in the bases.

Efficient syntheses of pyrimidine and purine nucleosides and nucleotides with selective 13C enrichment in the base moieties are described. Uridine and cytidine are labeled at position C6 and adenosine and guanosine are labeled at position C8. The selectively labeled nucleosides were converted to nucleoside triphosphates and used with in vitro transcription to synthesize labeled RNA. Isotope-edited 12C and 13C sub-spectra of a omega 1-1/2-X-filtered NOESY experiment are demonstrated to be useful for making resonance assignments and for deriving structural information in large (> 20 nt) RNA molecules. The labeled RNAs also allow heteronuclear J-couplings and relaxation parameters to be measured without complications from 13C-13C J-couplings.

RNA structure at high resolution.

Studies of RNA structural motifs at high resolution by NMR and X-ray crystallographic methods have provided many insights into the fundamental forces that give rise to the unique structural characteristics of RNA. Non-Watson-Crick purine-pyrimidine, purine-purine, and pyrimidine-pyrimidine base pairing, as well as base-phosphate and base-ribose hydrogen bonding, are important forces for folding and stabilizing RNA structures. Base stacking is as important in determining RNA conformations as hydrogen bonding interactions. With the noncanonical interactions, many single-stranded loop regions such as hairpin loops, bulge loops, and internal loops fold into well-defined secondary structures. Loop-loop and loop-helix interactions can produce tertiary structures such as pseudoknots. Also, single strands adjacent to helical regions can form tertiary contacts with base-paired nucleotides of the helices. As we learn more about the structures of the important motifs we can ask more specific questions about the mechanisms of RNA-mediated functions. Conformational flexibility rather than a specific shape of the RNA may be important for some biological reactions. However, knowledge of the structures and the ease of conformational change of the molecules involved in any process are essential for understanding and eventually controlling the process.

The structure of an RNA pseudoknot that causes efficient frameshifting in mouse mammary tumor virus.

The structure of a 34-nucleotide RNA pseudoknot that causes efficient -1 frameshifting in the messenger RNA of mouse mammary tumor virus has been investigated by NMR. Spectral assignment of the pseudoknot was facilitated by comparative NMR studies on the pseudoknot and on two smaller hairpin RNAs, and by using selective 13C labeling and 13C-edited NMR techniques. The three-dimensional structure of the pseudoknot has been determined. The frameshifter pseudoknot possesses structural features not observed in previously reported model pseudoknots. It has a compact structure with a pronounced bend at the junction of its G.C-rich stems. A single adenylate residue is intercalated between the two stems so that direct coaxial staking of the stems is not possible. The lack of an opposing nucleotide for the stacked, intervening adenylate creates a hinge in the pseudoknot. Most of the loop nucleotides are restrained by base staking interactions which keep the loops from adopting extended conformations. The sterically constrained loops direct the bending of the pseudoknot at the stem-stem junction. The roles of the intercalated adenylate and loop lengths in causing bending can explain their requirement for efficient frameshifting. Our NMR data also indicate that there are internal dynamics associated with the pseudoknot. The unique, compact structure and conformational flexibility of the pseudoknot may be required for recognition and favourable interaction with the translating ribosome, or with translation factors associated with the ribosome.

Structural and functional studies of retroviral RNA pseudoknots involved in ribosomal frameshifting: nucleotides at the junction of the two stems are important for efficient ribosomal frameshifting.

Ribosomal frameshifting, a translational mechanism used during retroviral replication, involves a directed change in reading frame at a specific site at a defined frequency. Such programmed frameshifting at the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) gag-pro shift site requires two mRNA signals: a heptanucleotide shifty sequence and a pseudoknot structure positioned downstream. Using in vitro translation assays and enzymatic and chemical probes for RNA structure, we have defined features of the pseudoknot that promote efficient frameshifting. Heterologous RNA structures, e.g. a hairpin, a tRNA or a synthetic pseudoknot, substituted downstream of the shifty site fail to promote frameshifting, suggesting that specific features of the MMTV pseudoknot are important for function. Site-directed mutations of the MMTV pseudoknot indicate that the pseudoknot junction, including an unpaired adenine nucleotide between the two stems, provides a specific structural determinant for efficient frameshifting. Pseudoknots derived from other retroviruses (i.e. the feline immunodeficiency virus and the simian retrovirus type 1) also promote frameshifting at the MMTV gag-pro shift site, dependent on the same structure at the junction of the two stems.