An exploration of clinical features and factors associated with pain frequency and pain intensity in children with growing pains: a cross-sectional study from Chongqing, China.

Instruction: Growing pains are the most common cause of musculoskeletal pain in children, affecting both children's and caregivers' well-being. The lack of definitive diagnostic criteria complicates diagnosis and treatment. Objectives: This study aims to outline the clinical features and identify factors associated with the frequency and intensity of growing pains in children in Chongqing, China. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a children's hospital using its Internet hospital follow-up platform. Children initially diagnosed with growing pains between July and September 2022 were enrolled. Sociodemographics, pain locations, duration, frequency, intensity, and potentially related factors were collected. Results: Eight hundred sixty-three children were enrolled (average age: 8.19 ± 3.24 years; 455 boys [52.72%]). Pain frequency was reported as quarterly (62.11%), monthly (24.80%), biweekly (1.74%), weekly (10.08%), and daily (1.27%). The prevalence of mild, moderate, and severe pain was 26.65%, 55.74%, and 17.61%, respectively. The knee was the most common pain location (63.85%), mostly encountered between 4 pm and 5 pm (20.51%). Multivariate analysis revealed that pain frequency negatively correlated with vitamin supplementation during pregnancy, positively correlated with underweight, bad temper, increased exercise, and cold lower extremities. Pain intensity positively correlated with irritability, increased exercise, and pain sensitivity but negatively correlated with age and vitamin supplementation during lactation. Conclusion: Growing pains typically occur on a quarterly basis, predominantly affecting the knees during 4 pm to 5 pm. Factors in sociodemographics, maternal aspect, temperament, and exercise levels can influence pain frequency and intensity. Clinicians should consider these aspects when developing comprehensive strategies for pain management.

Application of neurophysiological monitoring during tethered cord release in children.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to explore the effect of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) on tethered spinal cord release in children. METHODS: The clinical data of 454 children with tethered cord syndrome who underwent surgery for tethered cord release were retrospectively analyzed. The children were divided into two groups: the non-IONM group and the IONM group. SPSS 26.0 software was used for statistical analysis. The evaluation indices included the effective rate and incidence of new neurological dysfunction. RESULTS: The short-term results showed that the effective rate of the non-IONM group was 14.8%, while that of the IONM group was 15.2%. Additionally, the incidence of new neurological dysfunction was 7.8% in the non-IONM group and 5.6% in the IONM group. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). The medium- to long-term follow-up had significant difference (P < 0.05), the response rate was 32.1% in the IONM group and 23.7% in the non-IONM group, and deterioration rates regarding neurological dysfunction were 3.3% in the IONM group and 8.5% in the non-IONM group. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that the use of IONM does not significantly improve the short-term treatment effect of patients undergoing surgery for tethered cord release or reduce the short-term incidence of postoperative new neurological dysfunction. However, the medium- to long-term prognoses of patients in the IONM group were better than those of patients in the non-IONM group.

Metabolic obesity phenotypes and all-cause mortality among the Chinese oldest-old population: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The obesity paradox has been reported among older adults. However, whether the favorable effect of obesity is dependent on metabolic status remains largely unknown. We aimed to explore the association of metabolic obesity phenotypes and their changes with all-cause mortality among the Chinese oldest-old population. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 1207 Chinese oldest old (mean age: 91.8 years). Metabolic obesity phenotypes were determined by central obesity and metabolic status, and participants were classified into metabolically healthy obesity (MHO), metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO), metabolically healthy non-obesity (MHN), and metabolically unhealthy non-obesity (MUN). The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated by Cox regression models. RESULTS: During 5.3 years of follow-up, 640 deaths were documented. Compared with non-obesity, obesity was associated with a decreased mortality risk among participants with metabolically healthy (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.63-0.91) while this association was insignificant among metabolically unhealthy. Compared to MHO, MHN (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.06-1.53) and MUN (HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.10-2.02) were significantly associated with an increased mortality risk. Compared to those with stable MHO, those transited from MHO to MUO demonstrated a higher mortality risk (HR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.06-3.11). CONCLUSIONS: MHO predicts better survival among the Chinese oldest-old population. These findings suggest that ensuring optimal management of metabolic health is beneficial and taking caution in weight loss based on the individual body weight for the metabolically healthy oldest-old adults.

Dietary Diversity Changes and Cognitive Frailty in Chinese Older Adults: A Prospective Community-Based Cohort Study.

Evidence for the effects of dietary diversity changes and cognitive frailty (CF) in the older adults is not clear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary diversity changes and CF in older adults Chinese. A total of 14,382 participants (mean age: 82.3 years) were enrolled. Dietary diversity scores (DDSs) were collected and calculated using a food frequency questionnaire. DDS changes between baseline and first follow-up were categorized into nine patterns. The associations between DDS changes and the incidence of CF were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. During an 80,860 person-year follow-up, 3023 CF cases were identified. Groups with a decrease in DDS had increased CF risk compared with the high-to-high DDS group, with adjusted hazard ratios (HRs; 95% confidence intervals (Cis)) of 1.30 (1.06, 1.59), 2.04 (1.51, 2.74), and 1.81 (1.47, 2.22) for high-to-medium, high-to-low, and medium-to-low groups, respectively. Lower overall DDS groups were associated with greater CF risks, with HRs (95% CIs) of 1.49 (1.19, 1.86) for the low-to-medium group and 1.96 (1.53, 2.52) for the low-to-low group. Compared with the high-to-high group, significant associations with CF were found in other DDS change groups; HRs ranged from 1.38 to 3.12 for the plant-based DDS group and from 1.24 to 1.32 for the animal-based DDS group. Additionally, extreme and moderate declines in overall DDS increased CF risk compared with stable DDS, with HRs (95% CIs) of 1.67 (1.50, 1.86) and 1.13 (1.03, 1.24), respectively. In conclusion, among older adults, a declining or persistently low DDS and a moderately or extremely declining DDS were linked to higher incident CF. Plant-based DDS changes correlated more strongly with CF than animal-based DDS changes.

Family management experience of parents of children with chronic heart failure: A qualitative study.

PURPOSE: To explore the experience of family management among parents of children with chronic heart failure. DESIGN AND METHODS: Qualitative descriptive phenomenology was used as the research design. The sample included 16 parents. For data collection, semi-structured interviews were conducted. Colaizzi's seven-step analysis method was used for data analysis. Themes were encoded and created with Nvivo 12.0 Plus software. RESULTS: Three themes and ten sub-themes were identified: (1) weakened family socialization (diminished parental role in social education and insufficient socialization of children), (2) experience of five psychological stages (resistance, self-blame, worry, exhaustion, acceptance), and (3) family management dilemmas (low social awareness of the disease, heavy economic burden, and limited coping style). CONCLUSION: The experience of parents of children with chronic heart failure is complex. The children have low socialization and face public prejudice. Parents are stressed by social education, economics, and the five psychological stages they have experienced. Families face difficulties such as heavy economic burdens and limited coping styles. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: To address these complexities, pediatric nursing staff should take steps to improve family management and, as a result, children's quality of life. Our study provides a resource for pediatric nursing staff when implementing family management interventions.

Influences of dexmedetomidine on stress responses and postoperative cognitive and coagulation functions in patients undergoing radical gastrectomy under general anesthesia.

BACKGROUND: Radical gastrectomy (RG) is commonly used in the treatment of patients with gastric cancer (GC), but this procedure may lead to stress responses, postoperative cognitive dysfunction, and blood coagulation abnormalities in patients. AIM: To investigate the influences of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on stress responses and postoperative cognitive and coagulation functions in patients undergoing RG under general anesthesia (GA). METHODS: One hundred and two patients undergoing RG for GC under GA from February 2020 to February 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. Of these, 50 patients had received conventional anesthesia intervention [control group (CG)] and 52 patients had received DEX in addition to routine anesthesia intervention [observation group (OG)]. Inflammatory factor (IFs; tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α; interleukin-6, IL-6), stress responses (cortisol, Cor; adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH), cognitive function (CF; Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE), neurological function (neuron-specific enolase, NSE; S100 calcium-binding protein B, S100B), and coagulation function (prothrombin time, PT; thromboxane B2, TXB2; fibrinogen, FIB) were compared between the two groups before surgery (T0), as well as at 6 h (T1) and 24 h (T2) after surgery. RESULTS: Compared with T0, TNF-α, IL-6, Cor, ACTH, NSE, S100B, PT, TXB2, and FIB showed a significant increase in both groups at T1 and T2, but with even lower levels in OG vs CG. Both groups showed a significant reduction in the MMSE score at T1 and T2 compared with T0, but the MMSE score was notably higher in OG compared with CG. CONCLUSION: In addition to a potent inhibitory effect on postoperative IFs and stress responses in GC patients undergoing RG under GA, DEX may also alleviate the coagulation dysfunction and improve the postoperative CF of these patients.

Factors associated with caregiver burden among family caregivers of children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: To identify caregiver and children factors associated with caregiver burden on primary caregivers of children with cerebral palsy (CP). DESIGN: Systematic review DATA SOURCES: Seven electronic databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, PsycINFO, Web of Science, CINAHL and Embase, were systematically searched up to 1 February 2023. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Original observational studies reporting caregiver burden and related factors among caregivers of children with CP. DATA ABSTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two reviewers independently screened results and assessed the quality of studies. Title, abstract, full-text screening and data abstraction were done independently by two reviewers. Risk of bias was assessed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies. The quality of evidence for factors was rated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. RESULTS: 16 articles were included in the review. All studies were cross-sectional and examined caregiver-reported burden measures. The Zarit Burden Interview was the most commonly used questionnaire. Depression of caregiver and severity of illness in children with CP were moderate quality of evidence for factors contributing to caregiver burden. CONCLUSIONS: Higher caregiver burden is associated with more depressive feelings and worse life quality of the caregiver, and with more severe physical disability of the children. Future studies should focus on high-quality longitudinal research and appropriate assistance to reduce caregiver burden and improve the quality of caregiving for children with CP. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42021268284.

Dietary diversity and frailty among older Chinese people: evidence from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Study.

BACKGROUND: Dietary diversity is widely advocated as a means to promote health, but little is known regarding whether the beneficial effects still apply in older adults. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between the dietary diversity score (DDS) and frailty among older Chinese adults. METHODS: A total of 13,721 adults aged ≥65 y without frailty at baseline were enrolled. The DDS at baseline was constructed based on 9 items of a food frequency questionnaire. We used 39 self-reported health items to construct a frailty index (FI), with FI ≥ 0.25 indicating frailty. Cox models with restricted cubic splines were used to evaluate the dose-response relationships of DDS (continuous) with frailty. In addition, Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the association between DDS (categorized as scores ≤4, 5-6, 7, and ≥8) and frailty. RESULTS: During the mean follow-up of 5.94 y, 5250 participants met the criteria for frailty. Each 1-unit increase in DDS corresponded to a 5% lower risk of frailty (hazard ratio [HR]; 0.95; 95% CI: 0.94, 0.97]. Compared with participants with DDS ≤4 points, those with a DDS of 5-6, 7, and ≥8 points exhibited a lower frailty risk, with HRs of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.71, 0.87), 0.75 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.83), and 0.74 (95% CI: 0.67, 0.81), respectively (P-trend < 0.001). Protein-rich food items, such as meat; eggs; and beans, were associated with protective effects against frailty. In addition, a significant association was observed between higher consumption of 2 high-frequency foods, tea and fruits, and lower risk of frailty. CONCLUSIONS: A higher DDS was associated with a lower risk of frailty among older Chinese adults. This study highlights the importance of a diverse diet as a potential modifiable behavioral factor for preventing frailty in older Chinese adults.

[Effect of moxibustion on JAK2/STAT3 signal pathway in synovial tissues of rabbits with adjuvant arthritis under the overexpression of NLRP3 inflammatory bodies].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of moxibustion on Janus protein tyrosine kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2-STAT3) signal pathway and interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-18 in synovial fluid of adjuvant arthritis (AA) rabbits, so as to explore the mechanism of moxibustion in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: Twenty-eight rabbits were randomized into control, model, moxibustion, and NLRP3 overexpression groups, with 7 rabbits in each group. AA rabbit model was established by injection of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA, 0.5 mL/kg) into the rabbits' bilateral hind-knee joint cavities. On the third day after modeling, the NLRP3 lentiviral vector (40 µL) were injected into the bilateral hind-knee joint cavities of rabbits in NLRP3 overexpression group. Moxibustion was used to bilateral "Shenshu" (BL23) and "Zusanli" (ST36), 5 cones every time, once daily, 6 days a week for 3 weeks in the moxibustion and NLRP3 overexpression groups. The perimeters of rabbits' hind legs were measured after modeling and after the intervention. The contents of IL-1ß, IL-18 in synovial fluid were detected by ELISA and the expression levels of NLRP3, JAK2 and STAT3 mRNAs in synovial tissue were detected by real-time PCR. RESULTS: In comparison with the control group, the perimeters of bilateral knee joints were significantly increased at each time point (P<0.05),and the contents of IL-1ß, IL-18 in synovial fluid and the expression levels of NLRP3, JAK2, STAT3 mRNA in synovial tissue were significantly increased (P<0.05) in the model group. Compared with the model group, the perimeters of bilateral knee joints were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the contents of IL-1ß, IL-18 in synovial fluid and the expression levels of NLRP3, JAK2, STAT3 mRNAs in synovial tissue were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in the moxibusion group. Compared with the moxibustion group, the above indexes were higher in the NLRP3 overexpression group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Moxibustion may play an anti-inflammatory and detumescent role in AA rabbits by regulating JAK2-STAT3 signal pathway, and its therapeutic effect may be closely related to the expression of NLRP3.

Efficacy and safety of non-pharmacological interventions for neonatal pain: an overview of systematic reviews.

OBJECTIVES: To synthesise current evidence from systematic reviews (SRs) regarding the efficacy and safety of non-pharmacological interventions to prevent and treat pain in newborn infants. DESIGN: Overview of SRs. DATA SOURCES: We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), Wanfang Database, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database (VIP) and Google Scholar to identify all relevant SRs published in the last 5 years. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES: We included SRs that evaluated the efficacy and safety of non-pharmacological interventions for neonatal pain. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two reviewers independently extracted the data, assessed the methodological quality using a Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) 2 and graded the evidence quality with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). RESULTS: A total of 29 SRs were included in this overview, of which 28 focused on procedural pain and only 1 focused on postoperative pain. Based on AMSTAR 2, seven reviews were found to be of 'high quality', eight of 'moderate quality', five of 'low quality' and nine of 'critically low quality'. The GRADE results suggested that facilitated tucking, kangaroo care, sweet solutions, familiar odour or combined non-pharmacological interventions, such as a combination of sucrose and non-nutritive sucking, were effective and safe in reducing pain from medical procedures in neonates. However, sucrose alone was less effective than local anaesthesia or a combination of the two during circumcision. CONCLUSIONS: Facilitated tucking, small volumes of sweet solutions, kangaroo care and familiar odour were recommended. Scientific implementation strategies should be developed to promote the clinical use of these effective non-pharmacological interventions. Meanwhile, further rigorous trials and SRs are needed to identify the best non-pharmacological approaches for pain from common surgery and illnesses in neonates. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42021292583.

OCT6 inhibits differentiation of porcine-induced pluripotent stem cells through MAPK and PI3K signaling regulation.

As a transcription factor of the Pit-Oct-Unc (POU) domain family, octamer-binding transcription factor 6 ( OCT6) participates in various aspects of stem cell development and differentiation. At present, however, its role in porcine-induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs) remains unclear. Here, we explored the function of OCT6 in piPSCs. We found that piPSCs overexpressing OCT6 maintained colony morphology and pluripotency under differentiation conditions, with a similar gene expression pattern to that of non-differentiated piPSCs. Functional analysis revealed that OCT6 attenuated the adverse effects of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway inhibition on piPSC pluripotency by activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-AKT) signaling activity. Our research sheds new light on the mechanism by which OCT6 promotes PSC maintenance.

Enantioselective Syntheses of C2-Symmetric Pyrazolones and Diones via One-Pot Organo-/Iodine Sequential Catalysis.

The catalytic diastereo- and enantioselective syntheses of C2-symmetric axially chiral 1,4-dicarbonyl derivatives with 2,3-quaternary stereocenters were achieved by utilizing an organo-/iodine binary catalytic strategy. The reactions proceeded well under mild conditions without metals or strong bases.

A protocol to develop a standard guideline for neonatal pain management.

BACKGROUND: Hospitalized newborns experience a high frequency of painful procedures. Undertreated pain has a series of adverse physical and psychosocial effects on newborns. Guidelines successfully applied in clinical practice can effectively improve pain management in NICUs and reduce the incidence of pain. Neonatal care providers in China are in urgent need of a high-quality, evidence-based guideline for the treatment and management of neonatal pain. The National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders is leading the development of a standard guideline for neonatal pain management suitable for the medical environment in China providing empirical support and safety guarantees for clinical practice. The WHO Collaborating Centre for Guideline Implementation and Knowledge Translation will provide technical support and guidance. The purpose of this paper is to outline the detailed methodology and technical route of guideline development. METHODS: We will follow the WHO principles and methods for the formulation of standard guidelines. The critical steps for developing the guideline are as follows: (I) definition of the guideline Scope; (II) establishment of guideline working groups; (III) selection of the clinical questions; (IV) performance of systematic reviews; (V) grading the quality of the body of evidence; and (VI) formulating recommendations and reaching consensus. DISCUSSION: This protocol would ensure that the process of guideline development is normative, scientific, and transparent. The standard guideline for neonatal pain management based on the available high-quality evidence and tailored to the Chinese health care system will help neonatal caregivers in NICUs effectively manage neonatal pain. GUIDELINE REGISTRATION: The guideline was registered at the International Practice Guidelines Registry Platform. The registration No. is IPGRP-2021CN044.

In situ generation of highly reactive allenes from nitrocyclopropanes: controllable synthesis of enynes and enesters.

A new and efficient strategy for ring-opening reactions of nitrocyclopropanes is developed for the first time for the divergent synthesis of enynes and enesters via in situ generated highly reactive electron-deficient intermediate allenes. Controllable approaches resulted in enynes and enesters with up to 89% and 90% yields, respectively. The reaction features easy operation, involves green solvents and simple inorganic bases, and is transition-metal free.

Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals atlas of dairy goat testis cells.

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is useful for exploring cell heterogeneity. For large animals, however, little is known regarding spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) self-renewal regulation, especially in dairy goats. In this study, we described a high-resolution scRNA-seq atlas derived from a dairy goat. We identified six somatic cell and five spermatogenic cell subtypes. During spermatogenesis, genes with significantly changed expression were mainly enriched in the Notch, TGF-ß, and Hippo signaling pathways as well as the signaling pathway involved in the regulation of stem cell pluripotency. We detected and screened specific candidate marker genes ( TKTL1 and AES) for spermatogonia. Our study provides new insights into goat spermatogenesis and the development of testicular somatic cells.

LIN28A inhibits DUSP family phosphatases and activates MAPK signaling pathway to maintain pluripotency in porcine induced pluripotent stem cells.

LIN28A, an RNA-binding protein, plays an important role in porcine induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs). However, the molecular mechanism underlying the function of LIN28A in the maintenance of pluripotency in piPSCs remains unclear. Here, we explored the function of LIN28A in piPSCs based on its overexpression and knockdown. We performed total RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of piPSCs and detected the expression levels of relevant genes by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence staining. Results indicated that piPSC proliferation ability decreased following LIN28A knockdown. Furthermore, when LIN28A expression in the shLIN28A2 group was lower (by 20%) than that in the negative control knockdown group ( shNC), the pluripotency of piPSCs disappeared and they differentiated into neuroectoderm cells. Results also showed that LIN28A overexpression inhibited the expression of DUSP (dual-specificity phosphatases) family phosphatases and activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Thus, LIN28A appears to activate the MAPK signaling pathway to maintain the pluripotency and proliferation ability of piPSCs. Our study provides a new resource for exploring the functions of LIN28A in piPSCs.

Development and validation of the Sources of Meaning in Life Scale for the Elderly in China.

OBJECTIVES: People who find meaning in life can endure 'any' pain. However, there were no tools to investigate elderly individuals' sources of meaning in life in China. This study aimed to develop the Sources of Meaning in Life Scale for the Elderly (SMSE), and examine the validation and reliability in Chinese elderly. METHODS: A 43-item pool of SMSE was formed by combining the preliminary interview and literature review. A cross-sectional survey of 627 elderly people was then conducted in two community health service centers, two hospitals, and two nursing homes in Guangzhou by the convenience sampling method. Test-retest reliability was assessed with 24 elderly persons. RESULTS: Six dimensions, containing family (four items), social support (four items), value (seven items), life security (four items), personal development (four items), and leisure activity (five items) explained 62.16% of the variance in total. Confirmatory factor analysis model fitting indices were χ2 = 694.652, df = 330, χ2/df = 2.105, SRMR = 0.0695, GFI = 0.853, IFI = 0.905, TLI = 0.889, CFI = 0.903, and RMSEA = 0.062. The Cronbach's alpha value of the scale was 0.924, while that of each dimension was between 0.727 and 0.870. The inter-class correlation (ICC) of the scale was 0.856. CONCLUSION: The SMSE has good reliability and validity that can be used to evaluate the sources of meaning and meaning in life for the elderly.

Tumor deposit serves as a prognostic marker in gastric cancer: A propensity score-matched analysis comparing survival outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer (GC) treatment is determined by accurate tumor staging. The value of tumor deposit (TD) in prognostic prediction staging system is not yet determined. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed clinical information on GC patients who underwent gastrectomy at the Department of General Surgery of the Chinese PLA General Hospital from July 2014 to June 2016. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to reduce the possibility of selection bias according to the presence of TD. RESULTS: Of the 1034 GC patients, 240 (23.21%) presented with TD, which was associated with younger age and larger tumor size (all P < .05). TD-positive patients had a worse survival than TD-negative patients before (P < .001) and after (P = .017) matching. Multivariable analysis showed that mortality risk of patients with TD increased by 58%, 62%, 37%, and 40% in the crude (HR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.32-1.89, P < .001), adjusted I (HR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.35-1.94, P < .001), adjusted II (HR = 1.37, 95% CI 1.13-1.66, P = .001), and adjusted III (HR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.16-1.68, P < .001) models before matching. Similarly, in the PSM cohort patients with TD had worse prognosis in the crude (HR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.07-1.63, P = .011), adjusted I (HR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.09-1.67, P = .005), adjusted II (HR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.00-1.58, P = .049), and adjusted III (HR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.07-1.65, P = .010) models. TD had a similar value range between N1 and N2 stages among different models. CONCLUSIONS: Among GC patients, TD is associated with survival and may have a role in the staging of patients.

Aqueous ethyl acetate as a novel solvent for the degreasing of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae: degreasing rate, nutritional value evaluation of the degreased meal, and thermal properties.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to select appropriate low-toxicity degreasing solvents to degrease black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens L.) larvae to prepare high-quality protein. Aqueous ethyl acetate was chosen as the solvent to extract BSF protein, and traditional solvents, such as petroleum ether, n-hexane, and isopropanol, were chosen as controls. RESULTS: The meal degreased by aqueous ethyl acetate (the volume ratio of ethyl acetate to water is 90 to 10, EA + W10) shows a high degreasing rate (29.04%), crude protein content (562.3 g kg-1 ), essential amino acid index (EAAI, 95.57), and digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS, 85). The digestibility of the degreased meal samples in the simulated in vitro intestine can reach 76.52%. Thermodynamic analysis and the apparent morphology of the protein fragments showed that the meal degreased by EA + W10 exhibited thermodynamic stability, which suggests that using aqueous ethyl acetate as the degreasing solvent did not affect the nutritional value of the degreased meal. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that aqueous ethyl acetate (EA + W10) can be used as a novel solvent in the degreasing of BSF larvae meal to prepare high-quality protein with high EAAI and DIAAS and good digestibility. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.