Characterization of adult obesity in Florida using the OneFlorida clinical research consortium.

INTRODUCTION: With obesity rates and obesity-related healthcare costs increasing, policy makers must understand the scope of obesity across populations. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to characterize adult obesity using electronic health records (EHRs) available from a statewide clinical data research network, the OneFlorida Clinical Research Consortium, which contains claims and EHR data from over 12 million patients in Florida. The primary aim was to compare EHR-based Florida obesity rates with those rates obtained from the Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). METHODS: Body mass index from OneFlorida patient data (2012-2016) was used to characterize obesity among adults 20-79 years old. Obesity rates from both OneFlorida and BRFSS (2013) were reported by demographics and by county. RESULTS: Among the 1,344,015 adults in OneFlorida with EHR data and who met inclusion criteria, the obesity rate was 37.1%. Women had higher obesity rates compared with men. Obesity rates varied within racial/ethnic groups, with the highest rate among African-Americans (45.7%). Obesity rates from OneFlorida were consistently higher than those found in BRFSS (overall 27.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Utilizing clinical big data available through hospital system and health partner collaborations provides an important view of the extent of obesity. Although these data are available only from healthcare users, they are large in scope, directly measured and are available sooner than commonly used national data sources.

Determinants of longitudinal health-related quality-of-life change in children with asthma from low-income families: a report from the PROMIS® Pediatric Asthma Study.

BACKGROUND: How the longitudinal asthma control status and other socio-demographic factors influence the changes of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among asthmatic children, especially from low-income families, has not been fully investigated. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to describe the trajectories of asthma-specific HRQOL over 15 months and examine the effect of asthma control status on HRQOL by taking socio-demographic factors into consideration. METHODS: A total of 229 dyads of asthmatic children and their parents enroled in public insurance programs were recruited for assessing asthma control status and HRQOL over four time points of assessment. Asthma control status was measured using the Asthma Control and Communication Instrument, and asthma-specific HRQOL was assessed using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System's Pediatric Asthma Impact Scale. Latent growth models (LGMs) were applied to examine the trajectory of HRQOL and the factors contributing to the changes of HRQOL. RESULTS: Unconditional LGM revealed that HRQOL was improved over time. Conditional LGM suggested that accounting for asthma control and participants' socio-demographic factors, the variation in the initial level of HRQOL was significant, yet the rate of change was not. Conditional LGM also revealed that poorly controlled asthma status was associated with poor HRQOL at each time point (P's < 0.05). Lower parental education was associated with lower baseline HRQOL (P < 0.05). Hispanic children had a larger increase in HRQOL over time (P < 0.01) than non-Hispanic White children. CONCLUSIONS: Vulnerable socio-demographic characteristics and poorly controlled asthma status affect HRQOL in children. This finding encourages interventions to improve asthma control status and HRQOL in minority children.

An evaluation of two decision-making scales for children with life-limiting illnesses.

PURPOSE: Annually, about 500,000 children are coping with life-limiting illnesses. Many of these children could benefit from pediatric palliative care which provides supportive services. These services can also aid parents in decision making. In order to measure the effect of pediatric palliative care programs on decision making, a valid and reliable tool must be identified. This study aims to validate the psychometric properties of the Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS) and the COMRADE instruments for children with life-limiting illnesses. METHODS: Analyses were conducted using survey data collected from 266 parents whose Medicaid enrolled children have life-limiting illnesses. RESULTS: Results of the analyses suggest that the DCS has better psychometric properties for measuring decision making within the population of children with life-limiting illnesses than the COMRADE. CONCLUSION: Pediatric palliative care programs should use the DCS to measure the effectiveness of services aimed at supporting families with high levels of decisional conflict.

Paediatricians' perceptions on referrals to paediatric palliative care.

Children have traditionally been referred to palliative care when curative treatments were exhausted. Recently, experts have suggested that children could benefit from palliative care early in their courses of illness. Using survey data from 303 paediatricians in Florida and California, this study assesses if paediatricians would refer children to palliative care early in their course of illness. Results showed that more years in practice were associated with decreased odds of referring children to palliative care. Academic practice setting and more Medicaid patients were associated with greater odds of referral prior to the end of life. Hispanic paediatricians, those with more experience and those who practice in a hospital setting were associated with decreased odds of referral prior to the end of life. Results suggest that health planners who wish to implement or refine integrated paediatric palliative care programs should consider outreach strategies targeted at paediatricians with specific characteristics.

Clinical and financial impact of obesity on the outcome of liver transplantation.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether body mass index (BMI) influences the clinical outcomes and overall cost of transplantation in adult liver transplantation (OLT) using records of 700 adult OLT recipients. Patients were divided into BMI range groups over the range of 15 to 42 (mean = 26.7), namely: <25, n = 288 (41%); 25 to 30, n = 245 (35%); > or =30, n = 167 (24%). Only a small subset of this last group was morbidly obese (BMI > or = 35, n = 37, 5% of total). We did not detect an effect of BMI on patient or graft survival, the incidence of acute graft rejection, or major surgical complications. BMI was not related to length of hospital stay. There were no statistical differences between the three groups with respect to the ratio of overall hospital cost in a general linear model, corrected for age, gender, calculated Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score, retransplant status, or return to the operating room. In conclusion, obesity did not influence either the costs or the clinical outcomes following OLT. Further analysis of the morbidly obese population with respect to cost and outcome is warranted.

Race and ethnicity and the identification of special needs children.

Increasingly, Medicaid and Title XXI Programs are using survey-based approaches to identify children with special health care needs (CSHCN) for quality assurance monitoring and program referrals. However, little work has been done examining how well instruments, like the Questionnaire for Identifying Children with Chronic Conditions and the CSHCN Screener, identify CSHCN among black and Hispanic families. Differences in item interpretation and in response styles could influence the identification of CSHCN from these groups. Our results suggest that children who are black or Hispanic with special health care needs may be underidentified relative to white or non-Hispanic children using currently available survey tools.

Crowd out: evidence from the Florida Healthy Kids Program.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the percentage of children who had insurance coverage in the 12 months preceding enrollment in a state-subsidized program; the percentage of parents who had access to employer-based family coverage; and the cost of the families' share of the premium per month. METHODS: We randomly selected 930 families whose children were enrolled in the Florida Healthy Kids Program for a period of between 1 and 3 months and conducted telephone interviews with them in 1998 about their children's insurance coverage before program entry and their access to employer-based family coverage. There were 653 families in the final sample. RESULTS: Only 5% of the children had employer-based coverage before program enrollment. However, 26% had access to family coverage through their employers with the family share of the premiums representing on average 13% of their incomes. Access to employer-based coverage varied significantly by family income. CONCLUSIONS: Throughout the development of the State Children's Health Insurance Program legislation, policy analysts expressed concern that families may crowd out or substitute a subsidized state plan for employer-based coverage. This substitution could result in fewer improvements in access to care and health status than were anticipated, because families are simply moving to a different form of health insurance. There is some degree of crowd out in the Healthy Kids Program. The economic burden to near-poor families to purchase employer-based coverage is significant. Some degree of substitution may need to be tolerated to ensure that children receive needed health insurance.

Children's health care use in the Healthy Kids Program.

BACKGROUND: In 1990, the Florida Legislature established the Florida Healthy Kids Corporation to implement the concept of school enrollment-based health insurance coverage for children. The county school districts are used as a grouping mechanism to negotiate health insurance policies. The Florida Healthy Kids Corporation negotiates contracts with health maintenance organizations (HMOs) to assume financial risk and to provide health care services at each program site. In 1994, there were five sites with four different participating HMOs. Assessing quality of care is particularly important when contracting with HMOs because of the perception that financial and utilization review arrangements may restrict the enrollees' access to needed health care. One essential component of health care quality is the extent to which health care services are used in a manner consistent with the expected pattern of use for the population of enrolled children. The purpose of this study is to compare children's health care use across five different Florida Healthy Kids Program sites. Specifically, we compare the enrollees' actual health care use across HMO settings and program sites to the expected health care use based on the enrollees' case-mix. METHODS: Each HMO provided child-specific health care use data including Physician's Current Procedural Terminology codes and International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision codes. We used the Ambulatory Care Groups (ACGs) software to compare the children's actual health care use to the expected health care use at each site adjusted for case-mix. Several steps were then taken to determine if the children were receiving the anticipated number of health care visits based on their diagnoses. First, we divided the average number of encounters at each site by the group average across all of the sites, without adjusting for the case-mix of the enrollees. We then divided the average number of visits at each site by the expected number of visits based on the case-mix adjustment. A value of 1.00 means that the actual use and the expected use are identical. Values below 1 indicate underuse and values over 1 indicate overuse of health care services. Statistical comparisons of the actual versus expected average health care use across the five sites were performed by deriving the appropriate chi2 statistics. RESULTS: A census of all children (N = 14 688) enrolled in the Florida Healthy Kids Program at each of the sites for 6 months or longer were included in the analysis. The average number of health care encounters across all sites for a 12-month time period was 2.98 +/- 4.6 visits. After adjusting for the case-mix of the enrollees in each site using the ACG software, several of the five sites differed from one in a statistically significant way. However, these statistical assessments must be tempered with assessing the practical magnitude of the observed differences. CONCLUSIONS: The number of public and private efforts to insure children who are not eligible for Medicaid and whose parents cannot purchase private insurance has grown dramatically. These programs are vital for ensuring financial access to care for uninsured children. However, it is essential that such programs are not viewed as merely cost containment efforts. Assessing the degree to which children receive the health care services they need across multiple delivery settings is an essential yet challenging component of quality assurance. Generally, our analysis indicates that children in the Florida Healthy Kids Program are receiving the amount of health care expected based on their health care needs; which is one component of a high-quality health care program.

The School Enrollment-Based Health Insurance program: socioeconomic factors in enrollees' use of health services.

OBJECTIVES: The School Enrollment-Based Health Insurance program is designed to reduce financial barriers to children's health care use. This study sought to determine if any socioeconomic measures differed between enrollees with at least one health care encounter and those with no encounters. METHODS: Logistic regression was used to assess the impact of various predictors on the odds that a child would use health care services. RESULTS: Children receiving free insurance premiums were less likely to use health care than those receiving partial subsidy. African-American and Hispanic children were less likely than Whites to use health care. Age, sex, and months enrolled also influenced the likelihood of health care use. CONCLUSIONS: Financial and non-financial factors must be considered when developing children's health care programs.

Enhancing the role public health nurses play in serving children with special health needs: an interactive videoconference on Public Law 99-457 Part H.

Public Law 99-457 Part H supports the development of systems to identify infants and toddlers with special health needs and provide these children the comprehensive care they need. Although public health nurses traditionally provide many of the mandated services. Part H, with its roots in education, presents new terminology, conceptual models, and challenges to public health nurses. An interactive videoconference entitled "Public Health Nurses and Part H: Putting the Pieces Together" was broadcast to 525 public health nurses in 11 states. The program goals were to increase knowledge of Part H among public health nurses and to enhance their role in its implementation. An evaluation was conducted to assess knowledge change and satisfaction with the program format. Results revealed a high degree of satisfaction with distance learning and no difference across sites in knowledge acquisition or participant satisfaction. A need identified through this project is increased interdisciplinary communication among those who serve infants and toddlers with special needs. In an era when financial resources are dwindling, interactive videoconferencing is an innovative and cost-effective method for decreasing the isolation of many public health nurses by offering opportunities for education and networking from their local communities.