ICOS-Positive Regulatory T Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Perspective from Digital Pathology Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Inducible co-stimulator (ICOS), an important co-stimulatory receptor on effector T cells (Teffs), may also contribute to tumor growth due to its high expression on regulatory T cells (Tregs). This study explored the clinical significance of ICOS-expressing Tregs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: Tumor tissues from HCC patients who received curative hepatectomy were obtained at a referral center. Dual immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the expression of ICOS and Foxp3. The cell densities and proximities between stained cells in regions of interest were measured by digital pathology and the associations with clinical outcome were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 142 patients (male:female = 112: 30, median age of 61.0 years) were enrolled. Among them, 87 (61.3%) had chronic hepatitis B virus infection and 33 (23.2%) had chronic hepatitis C infection. Low α-fetoprotein level (<20 ng/mL) and early-stage were significantly associated with improved overall survival (OS). The density of ICOS+Foxp3+ cells and the ratio of ICOS+Foxp3+/total Foxp3+ cells were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the tumor center than in the peritumor area. Patients with a high density of ICOS+Foxp3+ cells or a high ratio of ICOS+Foxp3+/total Foxp3+ cells in the tumor center trended to have a shorter OS. A shorter distance between ICOS+Foxp3+ cells and ICOS+Foxp3- cells (likely Teffs) in the tumor center was significantly associated with a shorter OS (p = 0.030), suggesting active immunosuppression of ICOS+ Tregs on ICOS+ Teffs. CONCLUSION: An increased abundance of ICOS+ Tregs in the tumor center in comparison to the peritumor area indicates a strong immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment of HCC. A high proportion of ICOS+Foxp3+ cells and a shorter distance between ICOS+ Tregs and other ICOS+ cells were associated with a poor OS, suggesting that depleting ICOS+ Tregs might provide clinical benefit for patients with HCC.

Quantitative analysis of RNAscope staining for c-fos expression in mouse brain tissue as a measure of Neuronal Activation.

The expression of c-fos mRNA is an indirect marker of neuronal activity. RNAscope ACD Bio RNAscope (now Biotechne) is a proprietary in-situ mRNA detection technology using branched DNA amplification and z paired probes to deliver a robust and specific assay designed primarily for use on formalin fixed paraffin sections [1]. In the present study we adapted this technology to be used in frozen sections to allow quantitative analysis of c-fos gene expression in different mouse brain regions during neuropharmacology studies. The method was applied by Cosi et al. 2021 [2] and the image analysis is described here in details. •The patented RNAscope (ACD Bio) flourescent in-situ hybridisation technology designed primarily for use on formalin fixed paraffin sections was adapted to be used on frozen section from mouse brain.•We carefully controlled sample preparation and handling to maximise mRNA preservation and used the fluorescent properties of the fast Red substrate combined with fluorescent whole slide scanning and image analysis.•A customized algorithm was set up for image analysis•The method developed permitted the quantitative analysis of c-fos expression in specific brain regions from whole sections.

Optimisation of 6-substituted isoquinolin-1-amine based ROCK-I inhibitors.

Rho kinase is an important target implicated in a variety of cardiovascular diseases. Herein, we report the optimisation of the fragment derived ATP-competitive ROCK inhibitors 1 and 2 into lead compound 14A. The initial goal of improving ROCK-I potency relative to 1, whilst maintaining a good PK profile, was achieved through removal of the aminoisoquinoline basic centre. Lead 14A was equipotent against both ROCK-I and ROCK-II, showed good in vivo efficacy in the spontaneous hypertensive rat model, and was further optimised to demonstrate the scope for improving selectivity over PKA versus hydroxy Fasudil 3.

Fragment-based discovery of 6-substituted isoquinolin-1-amine based ROCK-I inhibitors.

Fragment-based NMR screening of a small literature focused library led to identification of a historical thrombin/FactorXa building block, 17A, that was found to be a ROCK-I inhibitor. In the absence of an X-ray structure, fragment growth afforded 6-substituted isoquinolin-1-amine derivatives which were profiled in the primary ROCK-I IMAP assay. Compounds 23A and 23E were selected as fragment optimized hits for further profiling. Compound 23A has similar ROCK-1 affinity, potency and cell based efficacy to the first generation ROCK inhibitors, however, it has a superior PK profile in C57 mouse. Compound 23E demonstrates the feasibility of improving ROCK-1 affinity, potency and cell based efficacy for the series, however, it has a poor PK profile relative to 23A.

Immunolocalisation and activity of DDAH I and II in the heart and modification post-myocardial infarction.

Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and N(G) monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) are endogenous inhibitors of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) and their local concentration is determined by the activity of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolases (DDAHs). The current study in male Wistar rats was designed to immunolocalise DDAH I and II in relation to NOS and to investigate changes in distribution, activity and ADMA content in the acute period following myocardial infarction (MI) resulting from coronary artery ligation. Seven days after the coronary artery ligation, L-Arg and methylated arginine content, as well as DDAH activity were determined in homogenates of left ventricular (LV) infarct and border. The distribution of immunoreactive DDAH I, DDAH II, eNOS and iNOS were determined in sections of LV. In healthy hearts, DDAH I was absent, however, DDAH II was localized to endothelium and endocardium with a similar distribution to that of eNOS. Following MI, LV DDAH activity was increased (to 210+/-19% of control, P<0.05). Both DDAH I and DDAH II proteins were detected in peri-infarct cardiomyocytes, while DDAH II immunoreactivity was additionally localized to infiltrating inflammatory cells and blood vessels in the healing infarct. Both plasma and LV concentrations of the DDAH substrate, ADMA, were increased post-MI, although the ratio of Arg:ADMA was retained in the LV post-MI relative to sham operated controls. In conclusion, DDAH II has a distribution similar to eNOS in healthy myocardium. The increased levels and activity of DDAH I and DDAH II enzymes following myocardial infarction suggest a potential role for them in local protection of NOS enzymes from inhibition by methylated arginines during infarct healing.