THE MORPHOLOGICAL PICTURE OF LOCAL IMMUNE RESPONSES IN THE KIDNEYS, URETERS AND BLADDER OF THE FOETUSES AND NEWBORNS, WHO DEVELOPED IN CONDITIONS OF MATERNAL PREECLAMPSIA.

The purpose of the research consisted in revealing morphological peculiarities of local immune responses in the kidneys, ureters and bladder of the foetuses and newborns, who developed in conditions of maternal preeclampsia with different degrees of its severity. The research was conducted on autopsy material: the kidneys, ureters and bladders of mature foetuses and newborns. Four groups were formed in the study: group I - foetuses and newborns from mothers with physiological pregnancy; group II - foetuses and newborns from mothers, whose pregnancy was complicated with a mild degree of preeclampsia; group III - foetuses and newborns from mothers, whose pregnancy was complicated with a moderately severe degree of preeclampsia; group IV - foetuses and newborns from mothers, whose pregnancy was complicated with severe preeclampsia. An immune infiltration in the organs of the urinary system of foetuses and newborns was studied with help of histological, immunohistochemical and morphometric methods of examination. In the course of the study it was revealed that local immune responses in the kidneys, ureters and bladder of the foetuses and newborns passed with some abnormal deviations characterized by quantitative changes of СD3, СD4, СD8, СD20 and СD68 cells, whose degree of manifestation increased from the foetus to the newborn and with an aggravation of maternal preeclampsia. Mild, moderately severe as well as severe preeclampsia resulted in an extreme activation of the macrophage system, T cell and B cell immunity in the kidneys, ureters and bladder of foetuses and newborns that manifested itself with an increase of the absolute count of CD3, CD20 and CD68 cells. Mild preeclampsia caused an increase of the absolute count of CD8 cells and a decrease of the absolute count of CD4 cells with a resultant lowering of the immunoregulatory index. Moderately severe and severe preeclampsia caused an increase of the absolute count of CD4 cells and a decrease of the absolute count of CD8 cells with a corresponding elevation of the immunoregulatory index. In foetuses and newborns from mothers with physiological pregnancy as well as from mothers, whose pregnancy was complicated with preeclampsia having different degrees of severity, their kidneys were characterized by a more marked infiltration with immune cells versus their ureters and bladder. Thus, as a result of an excessive antigenic stimulation caused by maternal preeclampsia the local immune responses in the organs of the urinary system, which in physiological conditions fulfill exclusively protective functions, can become alterative and develop morphofunctional changes in the kidneys, ureters and bladder of foetuses and newborns.

[PATHOGENICALLY INDUCED APOPTOSIS CAUSED BY HYPOXIC EFFECTS IN THE URINARY SYSTEM ORGANS OF FETUSES AND NEWBORNS (EXPERIMENTAL STUDY)].

The purpose of the study was to identify the characteristics of apoptosis in the kidneys, ureters and bladder of fetuses and newborns in the modeling of chronic intrauterine hypoxia, acute postnatal hypoxia and mixed hypoxia. An experiment was conducted on WAG rats for modeling high altitude hypoxia. Experimental animals were divided into four groups: I - control - fetuses and newborns from healthy rats; II - modeling of chronic intrauterine hypoxia; III - modeling of acute postnatal hypoxia; IV - modeling of mixed hypoxia. The material of the study was the tissue of the kidneys, ureters and bladder of fetuses and newborns. In group I in the kidneys of fetuses the mean value of the number of p53-positive cells was 7.83±0.31, newborns - 5.40±0.28; in the ureters and bladder of fetuses - 5.77±0.29 and 6.97±0.32, newborns - 3.58±0.21 and 5.36±0.28. In the kidneys in group II the mean value of the number of p53-expressing cells in fetuses was 1.43±0.50, in newborns - 21.72±0.58; in group III in newborns - 15.03±0.63; in group IV in newborns - 33.33±0.72. The mean value of the number of p53-expressing cells in the ureters and bladder in group II in fetuses was 13.17±0.49 and 11.83±0.43, in newborns - 16.24±0.37 and 15.38±0.37; in group III in newborns - 7.25±0.27 and 8.68±0.32; in group IV in newborns - 19.63±0.31and 21.03±0.40. As the result of the study it was found that experimental hypoxia induced apoptotic processes in the kidneys, ureters and bladder of fetuses and newborns, the severity of which was moderate in the modeling of acute postnatal hypoxia, expressed in the modeling of chronic intrauterine hypoxia and strongly expressed in the modeling of mixed hypoxia. Under the influence of acute postnatal hypoxia, chronic intrauterine hypoxia and mixed hypoxia in the ureters and bladder of fetuses and newborns p53-positive cells were located evenly in all layers of the wall of these organs, whereas in the kidneys p53-positive cells prevailed in the tubular component. In the modeling of chronic intrauterine hypoxia apoptotic processes in the kidneys, ureters and bladder increased in newborns in comparison with fetuses.

[Single-chain, low molecular weight kininogen in the blood plasma of rabbits: isolation and fragmentation by porcine pancreatic kallikrein]. / Odnotsepochechnyi nizkomolekuliarnyi kininogen plazmy krovi krolika: vydelenie i kharakter fragmentatsii pankreaticheskim kallikreinom svin'i.

A highly purified preparation of low molecular weight kininogen (LMrK) was isolated from the plasminogen-free rabbit blood plasma, using chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B, gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA 34 and Sephadex G-100 as well as gradient chromatography on a hydroxylapatite column. The yield of the 320-fold purified LMrK was 16%. Trypsin released 13-14 micrograms-eq. of bradykinin (BK) from 1 mg of LMrK or 0.85-0,95 mol of BK per mol of kininogen. Rabbit LMrK consists of one polypeptide chain of Mr 69 000 and pI 4.63. Porcine pancreatic kallikrein splits off kinin from the LMrK polypeptide chain by disrupting two peptide bonds resulting in the formation of S-S-bound two chain molecule. After reduction of the S-S bonds by dithioerithritol the latter is separated into a heavy (Mr 61 000) and light (Mr 6 800) chains. A biologically active peptide was isolated from the products of CNBr cleavage of LMrK. This peptide consists of Lys-BK elongated from the C-terminal with several amino acid residues. Rabbit LMrK closely resembles human LMrK in terms of Mr, pI and location of the kinin fragment in the protein molecule.

[Enzymes incorporated in polyelectrolyte complexes. Effect of matrix conformational changes and phase transitions in solutions on catalytic properties]. / Fermenty, vkliuchennye v poliélektrolitnye kompleksy. Vliianie konformatsionnykh izmenenii matritsy i fazovykh perekhodov v rastvorakh na kataliticheskie svoistva.

Immobilization of enzymes (penicillin amidase and alpha-chymotrypsin) in water-soluble nonstoichiometric polyeloctrolyte complexes (PEC) formed by poly(4-vinyl-N-ethylpyridinium bromide) (polycation) and polymethacrylic acid (polyanion) was carried out. Particles of these PEC consist of a nucleus formed by sequences of salt bonds between the units of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes and the hydrophylic shell formed by ionized groups of polyanions which is in excess in PEC. Such a structure of PEC particles results in a cooperative phase transitions of these systems at slight variations of pH and ionic strength. The work demonstrates phase diagrams of PEC solutions. The values of pH and ionic strength at which phase transitions in solutions of different PEC occur were elucidated. The decrease of pH value from 6.1 to 5.7 leads to reversible phase transition followed by a saltatory increase of Km for immobilized penicillin amidase by 5-10 fold depending on substrate used. The phase transition induced by ionic strength increase up to 0,27 M NaCl doesn't change significantly the Km-value of enzymic reaction. The phenomenon observed can be accounted for by the different structure of PEC particles. The catalytic properties of immobilized chymotrypsin were shown to depend on the loci of enzyme attachment. If the enzyme is bound to polyanion, neither conformational changes of the matrix nor phase transition in solution influence its accessibility for the protein inhibitor, but rather change the binding constant. If the enzyme is attached to polycation, i.e. included in the polycomplex nucleus, two fractions of enzymes accessible and inaccessible for protein inhibitor appear.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)