Effect of different forms of tobacco on the oral microbiome in healthy adults: a systematic review.

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the impact of tobacco use on the composition and functions of the oral microbiome in healthy adult humans. Methods: We conducted a systematic search on PubMed, Web of Science, and Cinhal databases for literature published until 15 December 2023, to identify studies that have evaluated the oral microbiome with culture-independent next-generation techniques comparing the oral microbiome of tobacco users and non-users. The search followed the PECO format. The outcomes included changes in microbial diversity and abundance of microbial taxa. The quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) (PROSPERO ID CRD42022340151). Results: Out of 2,435 articles screened, 36 articles satisfied the eligibility criteria and were selected for full-text review. Despite differences in design, quality, and population characteristics, most studies reported an increase in bacterial diversity and richness in tobacco users. The most notable bacterial taxa enriched in users were Fusobacteria and Actinobacteria at the phylum level and Streptococcus, Prevotella, and Veillonella at the genus level. At the functional level, more similarities could be noted; amino acid metabolism and xenobiotic biodegradation pathways were increased in tobacco users compared to non-users. Most of the studies were of good quality on the NOS scale. Conclusion: Tobacco smoking influences oral microbial community harmony, and it shows a definitive shift towards a proinflammatory milieu. Heterogeneities were detected due to sampling and other methodological differences, emphasizing the need for greater quality research using standardized methods and reporting. Systematic Review Registration: CRD42022340151.

Synthesis and characterisation of gold nanoparticles from acacia leaf and to evaluate anticariogenic activity.

Objective: To synthesise the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using Acacia catechu through biogenic synthesis and evaluate their antimicrobial efficacy against S. mutans and E. coli in vitro. Methods: Green synthesised AuNPs were characterised using the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and the size and shape of the synthesised nanoparticles were evaluated using the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The antimicrobial efficacy of AuNPs (30/60/100 µl) against S. mutans/E. coli was evaluated on the Mueller-Hinton agar by measuring the zone of inhibition (ZOI) with ampicillin (15 µl) as a positive control. Results: The synthesised AuNPs were confirmed using the UV-Vis spectroscopy with peaks at 540 nm, and the size of the particle estimated using the TEM was between 5 and 15 nm. The antimicrobial efficacy of AuNPs was comparable to that of ampicillin against S. mutans/E. coli, but the difference was not significant. The antimicrobial effects increased in a dose-dependent fashion but were comparable across all concentrations and ampicillin. Conclusion: Green synthesised AuNPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity against S. mutans and E. coli at par with commercial ampicillin and demonstrated the potential towards anticariogenic agent for future use in dentistry.

Clinical outcomes of implant-supported and tooth-supported fixed prostheses fabricated from digital versus analogue impression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical outcomes of implant-supported prostheses and tooth-supported fixed prostheses, fabricated from digital and conventional impression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The literature search was carried out on two electronic databases (PubMed and Cochrane Library). Randomized controlled trials (RCT) published from January 2011 to September 2022 were included. The bias risk was evaluated using Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2.0. Further screening was done for meta-analysis according to modified Newcastle-Ottawa scoring criteria. Forest plot was generated using a statistical method of inverse variance of random effect with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: A total of 8 randomized controlled trials were included for systematic review out of which four studies were based on tooth-supported fixed prosthesis and remaining four were based on implant-supported prosthesis. Further screening was conducted and three studies were eligible for meta-analysis. Tooth-supported fixed prosthesis fabricated from digital impression showed no significant difference in the marginal fit in any region measured, except for occlusal region where conventional impression showed more favorable marginal fit. Implant-supported prosthesis fabricated from digital impression showed survival rates ranging from 97.3 to 100% and there was no statistically significant difference in marginal bone loss (p = 0.14). CONCLUSION: Implant-supported prostheses fabricated from digital and conventional impressions show no significant differences in their clinical outcomes. Tooth-supported fixed prostheses fabricated from digital impression have shown favorable findings in terms of marginal fit. Despite that, there is still lack of clinical trials with larger sample size and longer follow-up periods. Future studies that fulfill these two criteria are deemed necessary.

Critical analysis of the reporting quality of case reports focusing on dental traumatology using the Preferred Reporting Items for Case reports in Endodontics 2020 checklist: A baseline evaluation prior to checklist publication.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The Preferred Reporting Items for Case Reports in Endodontics (PRICE) 2020 guidelines were published to help authors produce high-quality case reports. The aim of this study was to use the PRICE 2020 guidelines to appraise a sample of 50 case reports related to dental traumatology that were published before the guidelines were available in order to assess various parameters influencing the reporting quality. METHODS: Fifty case reports published between 2015 and 2019 and related to dental traumatology were randomly selected from the PubMed database. Reports were assessed by two independent evaluators using the PRICE checklist. Each item received a score of "1" if the manuscript met all pertinent criteria, "0" if it was not reported, and "0.5" if it was reported insufficiently. "Not Applicable" (NA) was assigned to items that were irrelevant to a specific report. The estimated total PRICE score for each case report was computed by adding all the scores, with a maximum score of 47 minus any "NA" scores. Descriptive and Inferential statistics (Student's t-test and ANOVA) were used for analysis. RESULTS: The percentage of case reports that fully met each applicable criteria ranged from 0% to 100%. The percentage of case reports partially satisfying each applicable criterion varied from 0% to 88%. There was a significant difference in scores for case reports published in journals with an impact factor compared with those without (p = .042). No significant difference was observed between the mean scores that compared the period of publication. There was no significant difference between journals that followed the CARE guidelines and those that did not. CONCLUSION: Several items within the PRICE 2020 guidelines were either not reported or only partially reported in case reports related to dental traumatology prior to the checklist publication. It is recommended that authors follow the PRICE 2020 guidelines to improve the overall quality of their case reports.

Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Interventions for the Treatment of Oral Lichen Planus: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: This systematic review and network meta-analysis aimed to assess comparative efficacy and safety of interventions to treat symptomatic, biopsy-proven oral lichen planus (OLP). METHODS: Search was conducted for trials published in Medline, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Network meta-analysis was performed on data from randomized controlled trials that assessed efficacy and safety of interventions used in the treatment of OLP. Agents were ranked according to their effectiveness in treatment of OLP based on outcomes using surface under the cumulative ranking [SUCRA]. RESULTS: In total, 37 articles were included in the quantitative analysis. Purslane was clinically significant and ranked first in improving clinical symptoms [RR = 4.53; 95% CI: 1.45, 14.11], followed by aloe vera [RR = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.05, 2.24], topical calcineurin [RR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.81] and topical corticosteroid [RR = 1.35 95% CI: 1.05, 1.73]. Topical calcineurin demonstrated the highest incidence of adverse effects [RR, 3.25 [95% CI: 1.19, 8.86. Topical corticosteroids were significant in achieving clinical improvement of OLP with RR1.37 [95% CI: 1.03, 1.81]. PDT [MD = -5.91 [95% CI: -8.15, -3.68] and showed statistically significant improvement in the clinical score for OLP. CONCLUSIONS: Purslane, aloe vera and photodynamic therapy appear promising in treatment of OLP. More high-quality trials are recommended for strengthening the evidence. Although topical calcineurin is significantly efficacious in the treatment of OLP, significant adverse effects are a concern for clinical use. Based on the current evidence, topical corticosteroids are recommended for treatment of OLP owing to their predictable safety and efficacy.

Interventions for treating oro-antral communications and fistulae due to dental procedures.

BACKGROUND: An oro-antral communication is an unnatural opening between the oral cavity and maxillary sinus. When it fails to close spontaneously, it remains patent and is epithelialized to develop into an oro-antral fistula. Various surgical and non-surgical techniques have been used for treating the condition. Surgical procedures include flaps, grafts and other techniques like re-implantation of third molars. Non-surgical techniques include allogenic materials and xenografts. This is an update of a review first published in May 2016. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety of various interventions for the treatment of oro-antral communications and fistulae due to dental procedures. SEARCH METHODS: Cochrane Oral Health's Information Specialist searched the following databases: Cochrane Oral Health's Trials Register (to 23 May 2018), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (the Cochrane Library, 2018, Issue 4), MEDLINE Ovid (1946 to 23 May 2018), and Embase Ovid (1980 to 23 May 2018). The US National Institutes of Health Trials Registry (ClinicalTrials.gov) and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were searched for ongoing trials. No restrictions were placed on the language or date of publication when searching the electronic databases. We also searched the reference lists of included and excluded trials for any randomised controlled trials (RCTs). SELECTION CRITERIA: We included RCTs evaluating any intervention for treating oro-antral communications or oro-antral fistulae due to dental procedures. We excluded quasi-RCTs and cross-over trials. We excluded studies on participants who had oro-antral communications, fistulae or both related to Caldwell-Luc procedure or surgical excision of tumours. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently selected trials. Two review authors assessed trial risk of bias and extracted data independently. We estimated risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous data, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). We assessed the overall quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS: We included only one study in this review, which compared two surgical interventions: pedicled buccal fat pad flap and buccal flap for the treatment of oro-antral communications. The study involved 20 participants. The risk of bias was unclear. The relevant outcome reported in this trial was successful (complete) closure of oro-antral communication.The quality of the evidence for the primary outcome was very low. The study did not find evidence of a difference between interventions for the successful (complete) closure of an oro-antral communication (RR 1.00, 95% Cl 0.83 to 1.20) one month after the surgery. All oro-antral communications in both groups were successfully closed so there were no adverse effects due to treatment failure.We did not find trials evaluating any other intervention for treating oro-antral communications or fistulae due to dental procedures. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We found very low quality evidence from a single small study that compared pedicled buccal fat pad and buccal flap. The evidence was insufficient to judge whether there is a difference in the effectiveness of these interventions as all oro-antral communications in the study were successfully closed by one month after surgery. Large, well-conducted RCTs investigating different interventions for the treatment of oro-antral communications and fistulae caused by dental procedures are needed to inform clinical practice.