Docosahexaenoic Acid Coordinating with Sodium Selenite Promotes Paraptosis in Colorectal Cancer Cells by Disrupting the Redox Homeostasis and Activating the MAPK Pathway.

Tumor cells are characterized by a delicate balance between elevated oxidative stress and enhanced antioxidant capacity. This intricate equilibrium, maintained within a threshold known as redox homeostasis, offers a unique perspective for cancer treatment by modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels beyond cellular tolerability, thereby disrupting this balance. However, currently used chemotherapy drugs require larger doses to increase ROS levels beyond the redox homeostasis threshold, which may cause serious side effects. How to disrupt redox homeostasis in cancer cells more effectively remains a challenge. In this study, we found that sodium selenite and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid extracted from marine fish, synergistically induced cytotoxic effects in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Physiological doses of DHA simultaneously upregulated oxidation and antioxidant levels within the threshold range without affecting cell viability. However, it rendered the cells more susceptible to reaching the upper limit of the threshold of redox homeostasis, facilitating the elevation of ROS levels beyond the threshold by combining with low doses of sodium selenite, thereby disrupting redox homeostasis and inducing MAPK-mediated paraptosis. This study highlights the synergistic anticancer effects of sodium selenite and DHA, which induce paraptosis by disrupting redox homeostasis in tumor cells. These findings offer a novel strategy for more targeted and less toxic cancer therapies for colorectal cancer treatment.

Peroxynitrite reduces Treg cell expansion and function by mediating IL-2R nitration and aggravates multiple sclerosis pathogenesis: One sentence summary: Peroxynitrite-mediated Treg IL-2R nitration impacts on multiple sclerosis.

T-helper 17 cells and regulatory T cells (Treg) are critical regulators in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) but the factors affecting Treg/Th17 balance remains largely unknown. Redox balance is crucial to maintaining immune homeostasis and reducing the severity of MS but the underlying mechanisms are unclear yet. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that peroxynitrite, a representative molecule of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), could inhibit peripheral Treg cells, disrupt Treg/Th17 balance and aggravate MS pathology by inducing nitration of interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) and down-regulating RAS/JNK-AP-1 signalling pathway. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model and serum samples of MS patients were used in the study. We found that the increases of 3-nitrotyrosine and IL-2R nitration in Treg cells were coincided with disease severity in the active EAE mice. Mechanistically, peroxynitrite-induced IL-2R nitration down-regulated RAS/JNK signalling pathway, subsequently impairing peripheral Treg expansion and function, increasing Teff infiltration into the central nerve system (CNS), aggravating demyelination and neurological deficits in the EAE mice. Those changes were abolished by peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst (PDC) treatment. Furthermore, transplantation of the PDC-treated-autologous Treg cells from donor EAE mice significantly decreased Th17 cells in both axillary lymph nodes and lumbar spinal cord, and ameliorated the neuropathology of the recipient EAE mice. Those results suggest that peroxynitrite could disrupt peripheral Treg/Th17 balance, and aggravate neuroinflammation and neurological deficit in active EAE/MS pathogenesis. The underlying mechanisms are related to induce the nitration of IL-2R and inhibit the RAS/JNK-AP-1 signalling pathway in Treg cells. The study highlights that targeting peroxynitrite-mediated peripheral IL-2R nitration in Treg cells could be a novel therapeutic strategy to restore Treg/Th17 balance and ameliorate MS/EAE pathogenesis. The study provides valuable insights into potential role of peripheral redox balance in maintaining CNS immune homeostasis.

Hepatic AMPK signaling dynamic activation in response to REDOX balance are sentinel biomarkers of exercise and antioxidant intervention to improve blood glucose control.

Antioxidant intervention is considered to inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) and alleviate hyperglycemia. Paradoxically, moderate exercise can produce ROS to improve diabetes. The exact redox mechanism of these two different approaches remains largely unclear. Here, by comparing exercise and antioxidant intervention on type 2 diabetic rats, we found moderate exercise upregulated compensatory antioxidant capability and reached a higher level of redox balance in the liver. In contrast, antioxidant intervention achieved a low-level redox balance by inhibiting oxidative stress. Both of these two interventions could promote glucose catabolism and inhibit gluconeogenesis through activation of hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling; therefore, ameliorating diabetes. During exercise, different levels of ROS generated by exercise have differential regulations on the activity and expression of hepatic AMPK. Moderate exercise-derived ROS promoted hepatic AMPK glutathionylation activation. However, excessive exercise increased oxidative damage and inhibited the activity and expression of AMPK. Overall, our results illustrate that both exercise and antioxidant intervention improve blood glucose control in diabetes by promoting redox balance, despite different levels of redox state(s). These results indicate that the AMPK signaling activation, combined with oxidative damage markers, could act as sentinel biomarkers, reflecting the threshold of redox balance that is linked to effective glucose control in diabetes. These findings provide theoretical evidence for the precise management of diabetes by antioxidants and exercise.

Molecules known as reactive oxygen species or ROS play vital roles in healthy cells. However, ROS can act as a double-edged sword: if their levels become too high, they can be harmful and interfere with many physiological processes. Indeed, diabetes, high blood pressure and many other chronic diseases are associated with imbalances in the levels of ROS in the body. To counter high ROS levels, cells have antioxidant mechanisms that reduce the excess ROS in the cell and keep the 'redox' (from reduction and oxidation) balance of the cell. Exercise and antioxidant nutritional supplements have attracted much attention as drug-free interventions for diabetes. Both strategies alter the levels of ROS in the body, with exercise increasing the levels of ROS, and antioxidant supplements reducing them. Individuals with diabetes and other metabolic health issues have different ROS levels depending on the severity of the disease, age, genetics and other factors, leading to different redox states in their cells. Thus, approaches that can accurately evaluate the redox balance status of individuals are necessary for clinicians to identify what types of exercise and antioxidant supplements are beneficial and which treatments are most appropriate for each patient. Wu, Zhao, Yan, Gao et al. examined the effects of exercise and antioxidant supplements on rats with diabetes, with the aim of identifying molecules ­ also known as biomarkers ­ that reflect the bodies' redox balance. They found that moderate exercise increased the levels of ROS in the liver, which, in turn, compensated by increasing the production of antioxidants to protect against the higher levels of ROS. This resulted in a healthy 'high-level' redox balance, in which both ROS and antioxidants levels were high in the rats. On the other hand, giving the rats antioxidant supplements decreased their levels of ROS, leading to a healthy low-level redox balance with low levels of ROS. These findings indicate that regular moderate exercise may be appropriate for people with pre-diabetes symptoms to restore a healthy redox balance. This is because the compensatory antioxidant mechanisms that kick in during exercise may be enough to counteract the excessive levels of ROS in these people. For patients with mild diabetes, exercise, antioxidant supplements, or a combination of both may be appropriate treatment, depending on their levels of ROS. Finally, patients with severe diabetes, who already have high levels of ROS, may benefit from antioxidant supplements to help reduce their excessive levels of ROS. In the future, the biomarkers identified by Wu, Zhao, Yan, Gao et al. may be used to monitor and assess the change in the redox balance status of various populations and guide personalized interventions to maintain health. Additionally, these findings provide a new strategy for precision prevention and treatment of diabetes and other metabolic diseases.

E3 ubiquitin ligase SYVN1 is a key positive regulator for GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis.

Gasdermin D (GSDMD) participates in the activation of inflammasomes and pyroptosis. Meanwhile, ubiquitination strictly regulates inflammatory responses. However, how ubiquitination regulates Gasdermin D activity is not well understood. In this study, we show that pyroptosis triggered by Gasdermin D is regulated through ubiquitination. Specifically, SYVN1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase of gasdermin D, promotes GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis. SYVN1 deficiency inhibits pyroptosis and subsequent LDH release and PI uptake. SYVN1 directly interacts with GSDMD, and mediates K27-linked polyubiquitination of GSDMD on K203 and K204 residues, promoting GSDMD-induced pyroptotic cell death. Thus, our findings revealed the essential role of SYVN1 in GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis. Overall, GSDMD ubiquitination is a potential therapeutic module for inflammatory diseases.

Compartmentally scavenging hepatic oxidants through AMPK/SIRT3-PGC1α axis improves mitochondrial biogenesis and glucose catabolism.

Early treatment can prevent the occurrence of diabetes; however, there are few pharmacological treatment strategies to date. The liver is a major metabolic organ, and hepatic glucose homeostasis is dysregulated in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the potential of specifically targeting the liver to prevent diabetes has not been fully exploited. In this study, we found that compartmentally inhibiting hepatic oxidants by nano-MitoPBN, a liver mitochondrial-targeting ROS scavenger, could effectively prevent diabetes. Our results demonstrated that nano-MitoPBN reversed the downregulation of PGC-1α and the enhanced gluconeogenesis in the livers of diabetic mice. PGC-1α, through an AMPK- and SIRT3-mediated mechanism, promoted mitochondrial biogenesis, increased the number of mitochondria, and enhanced the rate of aerobic oxidation, leading to decreased glucose levels in the blood by increasing glucose uptake and catabolism in the liver. Moreover, the increase in PGC-1α activity did not promote the activation of gluconeogenesis. Our study demonstrated that by regulating the redox balance of liver mitochondria in the early stage of diabetes, PGC-1α could selectively inhibit gluconeogenesis in the liver and promote hepatic mitochondrial function, which accelerated the catabolism of hepatic glucose and reduced blood glucose. Thus, glucose tolerance can be normalized through only three weeks of intervention. Our results showed that nano-MitoPBN could effectively prevent diabetes in a short period of time, highlighting the effectiveness and importance of early intervention for diabetes and suggesting the potential advantages of hepatic mitochondrial targeting oxidants nano-inhibitors in the prevention and early treatment of diabetes.

Effects of redox interference on the pancreatic mitochondria and the abnormal blood glucose.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated as a contributor to both the onset and the progression of diabetes, however how does redox state affect diabetes has not been fully understood. Here we study the role of redox interference on pancreatic mitochondria and the progression of diabetes. We applied streptozotocin (STZ) to establish diabetes mellitus (DM) model in rats, applied FeSO4 to produce oxidative stress (OS) and Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides as antioxidant intervention (AO). Our results showed that in OS and DM group, oxidative stress caused the imbalance of redox state, resulting in higher lipid peroxidation level and lower antioxidant level, while AO treatment group reduced blood glucose by repairing the redox balance. The insulin level has the order of Normal Control (NC)

Liver-targeted Nano-MitoPBN normalizes glucose metabolism by improving mitochondrial redox balance.

Recent advances in Nanomedicine provide promising disease treatment through improved drug delivery efficiency, but clinical applications have encountered difficulties, largely due to the majority of injected nanoparticle is sequestered in liver. In contrast, liver cells seem to be a perfect target for nanoparticles. Here we generated a new formula of liposome encapsulated Nano-MitoPBN as a liver mitochondrial-targeting free radical scavenger. We found that Nano-MitoPBN mainly accumulated in hepatocytes and scavenged hepatic mitochondrial superoxide/hydrogen peroxide generated from mono-electron leak of electron transport chain (ETC) complex I and III. Due to micro-compartmentalization, Nano-MitoPBN increased mitochondrial state 3 respiratory rate and respiratory control ratio (RCR), resulting in decreased NADH:NAD+ ratio, improved mitochondrial oxidative energy coupling and ATP synthesis, thus alleviating ROS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. The functional mitochondria promoted the substrate oxidation by the liver, resulting in increased glycolysis and TCA cycle, which directly speeds glucose decomposition, thus decreasing the peripheral blood glucose level and improving the impaired glucose tolerance in diabetic animals. Our study suggests the potential of liver mitochondrial targeting antioxidative nanomedicines for diabetes mellitus.

Short-term high salt intake impairs hepatic mitochondrial bioenergetics and biosynthesis in SIRT3 knockout mice.

High salt intake (HS) is an important factor in the development of many metabolic diseases. The liver is the metabolic center in the body. However, the effect of short-term HS on the liver mitochondria and its mechanism are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of short-term HS on liver mitochondrial function. We found that HS reduced Sirtuin3 (SIRT3) protein level, increasing protein carbonylation in mice liver. HS intake decreased ATP production, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), and complex I level. SIRT3 knockout (SKO) mice exhibited similar results with HS-treated wild-type mice but with a less extent of carbonylation and ATP reduction. Our study shows that short-term HS led to increased hepatic oxidative state, impaired mitochondrial biosynthesis, and bioenergetics. HS-treated mice could still maintain hepatic glucose homeostasis by compensatory activation of Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). However, in HS-treated SKO mice, AMPK was not activated, instead, the glycogen synthase activity increased, which caused an exceptionally increased glycogen accumulation. This study provides evidence that short-term HS intake could cause the early hepatic metabolic changes, highlighting the importance of controlling salt intake especially in those patients with defects in SIRT3. Highlights High salt intake down-regulates SIRT3 protein level and increases oxidation. High salt intake activates AMPK via AMP-dependent pathway. High salt intake impairs energy metabolism. High salt combined with SIRT3 knockout results in glycogen accumulation.

On-demand quantitative SERS bioassays facilitated by surface-tethered ratiometric probes.

Reliable and user-friendly sensing of target analytes in complex biofluids is of fundamental importance to biological science and medicine. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has proven to be capable of detecting molecules with high sensitivity, but achieving robust quantitative detection remains a challenge mainly because of the severe signal fluctuation at electromagnetic hot spots. Here, we describe an on-demand and quantitative SERS strategy for metabolite profiling based on a chip-based sensing device that adopts stable and surface-tethered small-molecule probes as Raman reporters. These probes with a ratiometric response allow for sensitive and reproducible SERS detection by offering an internal calibration to correct the signal fluctuation caused by the spatiotemporal variation of assay conditions. Meanwhile, the chip-based sensing scheme makes time-separated on-demand detection possible. Ultimately, due to the flexibility in choosing diverse ratiometric Raman probes, we expect the proposed quantitative SERS sensing concept to be useful for studies in the fields of cell biology and clinical diagnosis.

Loss of Fas expression and high expression of HLA-E promoting the immune escape of early colorectal cancer cells.

Previous studies have investigated the mechanisms of immune evasion of tumor cells in numerous types of advanced solid malignant tumor, and several types of immune preparations have been administered as antitumor adjuvant therapies. However, in the majority of studies, the efficacy of therapies has been revealed to be limited. The present study aimed to investigate the immune evasion mechanisms employed by early colorectal cancer cells and the expression of the molecules associated with immune evasion during the malignant transformation process of normal colorectal epithelial cells to measure the effects of immune intervention for early colorectal cancer, and to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy. A total of 60 colorectal tissues, including 15 normal mucosa, 15 adenoma, 15 early cancer and 15 advanced cancer tissues, from patients undergoing endoscopic procedures in Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University (Shanghai, China) were collected. A comparison of baseline characteristics among these four groups was performed. The expression levels of human leukocyte antigen-A (HLA-A), apoptosis antigen 1 (Fas), c-c chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5), Fas ligand (FasL) and HLA-E in each group were detected by immunohistochemical analysis. Furthermore, 15 patients with advanced colorectal cancer were enrolled into the present study. Advanced cancer and paracancer tissues (normal mucosal tissues 3 cm away from the margin of cancer tissues) were collected from each patient by colonoscopic biopsy. The expression levels of HLA-A, Fas, CCR5, FasL and HLA-E in each group were detected by western blot analysis. During the malignant transformation process of normal colorectal epithelial cells, the expression levels of CCR5, FasL and HLA-E increased significantly (P<0.001), whilst the expression levels of Fas reduced significantly (P=0.0271). In the early cancer group, the expression levels of Fas reduced significantly (P=0.0239), whilst the expression levels of HLA-E increased significantly (P<0.001) compared with adenoma group. In conclusion, a loss of Fas expression and high expression levels of HLA-E may promote the immune evasion of early colorectal cancer cells.

Glutaredoxins concomitant with optimal ROS activate AMPK through S-glutathionylation to improve glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes.

AMPK dysregulation contributes to the onset and development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). AMPK is known to be activated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant interference. However the mechanism by which redox state mediates such contradictory result remains largely unknown. Here we used streptozotocin-high fat diet （STZ-HFD） induced-type 2 diabetic rats and cells lines (L02 and HEK 293) to explore the mechanism of redox-mediated AMPK activation. We show glutaredoxins (Grxs) concomitant with optimal ROS act as an essential mediator for AMPK activation. ROS level results in different mechanisms for AMPK activation. Under low ROS microenvironment, Grxs-mediated S-glutathionylation on AMPK-α catalytic subunit activates AMPK to improve glucose transportation and degradation while inhibiting glycogen synthesis and keeping redox balance. While, under high ROS microenvironment, AMPK is activated by an AMP-dependent mechanism, however sustained high level ROS also causes loss of AMPK protein. This finding provides evidence for a new approach to diabetes treatment by individual doses of ROS or antioxidant calibrated against the actual redox level in vivo. Moreover, the novel function of Grxs in promoting glucose metabolism may provide new target for T2DM treatment.

ROS-mediated glucose metabolic reprogram induces insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes.

Oxidative stress is known to contribute to insulin resistance in diabetes, however the mechanism is not clear. Here we show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) could reprogram the glucose metabolism through upregulating the pentose pathway so as to induce insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). By using streptozotocin-high fat diet (STZ-HFD) induced T2DM in rats, we show that diabetic rats exhibited high level of oxidative stress accompanied with insulin resistance. Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1α) protein expression as well as its downstream target glucokinase (GK), were upregulated; The glycogen synthesis increased accordingly; However the glycolysis was inhibited as indicated by decreased phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), pyruvate kinase (PK), phospho-PFK-2/PFK-2 (p-PFK-2/PFK-2) ratio, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK); Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) which promotes pyruvate to generate acetyl-CoA declined as well. While phospho-acetyl-CoA carboxylase/acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p-ACC/ACC) ratio increased, meaning that lipid beta-oxidation increased. The pentose pathway was activated as indicated by increased G6PD activity and NADPH level. Our results suggest that diabetic rats countervail ROS stress through increasing pentose pathway, and reprogram the energy metabolic pathway from glycolysis into lipid oxidation in order to compensate the ATP requirement of the body, which causes insulin resistance.

Redox homeostasis protects mitochondria through accelerating ROS conversion to enhance hypoxia resistance in cancer cells.

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells and the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hypoxic cells, participating in regulating redox homeostasis. The mechanism of tumor hypoxia tolerance, especially the role of mitochondria in tumor hypoxia resistance remains largely unknown. This study aimed to explore the role of mitochondria in tumor hypoxia resistance. We observed that glycolysis in hypoxic cancer cells was up-regulated more rapidly, with far lesser attenuation in aerobic oxidation, thus contributing to a more stable ATP/ADP ratio. In hypoxia, cancer cells rapidly convert hypoxia-induced O(2˙)(-) into H2O2. H2O2 is further decomposed by a relatively stronger antioxidant system, causing ROS levels to increase lesser compared to normal cells. The moderate ROS leads to an appropriate degree of autophagy, eliminating the damaged mitochondria and offering nutrients to promote mitochondria fusion, thus protects mitochondria and improves hypoxia tolerance in cancer. The functional mitochondria could enable tumor cells to flexibly switch between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation to meet the different physiological requirements during the hypoxia/re-oxygenation cycling of tumor growth.

NAC selectively inhibit cancer telomerase activity: A higher redox homeostasis threshold exists in cancer cells.

Telomerase activity controls telomere length, and this plays an important role in stem cells, aging and tumors. Antioxidant was shown to protect telomerase activity in normal cells but inhibit that in cancer cells, but the underlying mechanism is elusive. Here we found that 7721 hepatoma cells held a higher redox homeostasis threshold than L02 normal liver cells which caused 7721 cells to have a higher demand for ROS; MnSOD over-expression in 7721 decreased endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibited telomerase activity; Akt phosphorylation inhibitor and NAC both inhibited 7721 telomerase activity. The over-elimination of ROS by NAC resulted in the inhibition of Akt pathway. Our results suggest that ROS is involved in the regulation of cancer telomerase activity through Akt pathway. The different intracellular redox homeostasis and antioxidant system in normal cells and tumor cells may be the cause of the opposite effect on telomerase activity in response to NAC treatment. Our results provide a theoretical base of using antioxidants selectively inhibit cancer telomerase activity. Findings of the present study may provide insights into novel approaches for cancer treatment.

Deficiency of APPL1 in mice impairs glucose-stimulated insulin secretion through inhibition of pancreatic beta cell mitochondrial function.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interaction, pleckstrin homology domain and leucine zipper containing 1 (APPL1) is an adapter protein that positively mediates adiponectin signalling. Deficiency of APPL1 in the target tissues of insulin induces insulin resistance. We therefore aimed, in the present study, to determine its role in regulating pancreatic beta cell function. METHODS: A hyperglycaemic clamp test was performed to determine insulin secretion in APPL1 knockout (KO) mice. Glucose- and adiponectin-induced insulin release was measured in islets from APPL1 KO mice or INS-1(832/13) cells with either APPL1 knockdown or overproduction. RT-PCR and western blotting were conducted to analyse gene expression and protein abundance. Oxygen consumption rate (OCR), ATP production and mitochondrial membrane potential were assayed to evaluate mitochondrial function. RESULTS: APPL1 is highly expressed in pancreatic islets, but its levels are decreased in mice fed a high-fat diet and db/db mice compared with controls. Deletion of the Appl1 gene leads to impairment of both the first and second phases of insulin secretion during hyperglycaemic clamp tests. In addition, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) is significantly decreased in islets from APPL1 KO mice. Conversely, overproduction of APPL1 leads to an increase in GSIS in beta cells. In addition, expression levels of several genes involved in insulin production, mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial OCR, ATP production and mitochondrial membrane potential are reduced significantly in APPL1-knockdown beta cells. Moreover, suppression or overexproduction of APPL1 inhibits or stimulates adiponectin-potentiated GSIS in beta cells, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Our study demonstrates the roles of APPL1 in regulating GSIS and mitochondrial function in pancreatic beta cells, which implicates APPL1 as a therapeutic target in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Killing of Kras-mutant colon cancer cells via Rac-independent actin remodeling by the ßGBP cytokine, a physiological PI3K inhibitor therapeutically effective in vivo.

Activating mutations in Kras are the most frequent mutations in human cancer. They define a subset of patients who do not respond to current therapies and for whom prognosis is poor. Oncogenic Kras has been shown to deregulate numerous signaling pathways of which the most intensively studied are the Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascade and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt cascade. However, to date, there are no effective targeted therapies in the clinic against Kras-mutant cancers. Here, we report that the ß-galactoside-binding protein (ßGBP) cytokine, a physiologic inhibitor of class I PI3Ks, is a potent activator of apoptosis in Kras-mutant colorectal cancer cells, even when coharboring mutant-activated PIK3CA. Our study unveils an elective route to intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, which involves the cytoskeleton. Early events are inhibition of PI3K activity and Rac-independent actin rearrangement assignable to phosphoinositide changes at the plasma membrane. Cyclin E deregulation, arrest of DNA synthesis, and checkpoint kinase 2 activation underscore events critical to the activation of an intrinsic apoptotic program. Clustering of CD95/Fas death receptors underscore events critical to the activation of extrinsic apoptosis. In nude mice, we present the first evidence that xenograft tumor development is strongly inhibited by Hu-r-ßGBP. Taken together, our results open a new therapeutic opportunity to a subset of patients refractive to current treatments. This first demonstration of therapeutic efficacy against Kras-mutant colon cancer suggests that Hu-r-ßGBP may also be therapeutically effective against other cancers harboring activating Ras mutations as well as PIK3CA mutations.

Tanshinone IIA induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in gastric cancer in vitro and in vivo.

As a phytochemical derived from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Tanshinone IIA has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Studies in breast, colon, prostate and lung cancer indicate that Tanshinone IIA may exhibit a promising antitumor activity. However, systemic studies of the cytotoxic effects of Tanshinone IIA on gastric cancer have not been described. The present study offers a comprehensive evaluation of the antitumor effects of Tanshinone IIA in gastric cancer cells in vitro and in a mouse xenograft model. Cell viability and apoptosis in vitro were evaluated through the MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis. The results indicate that Tanshinone IIA can induce gastric cancer cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, we investigated the mechanism of the apoptotic effects induced by Tanshinone IIA. We found that Tanshinone IIA can not only cause cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, but also trigger the intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. The results suggest that Tanshinone IIA may serve as an effective adjunctive reagent in the treatment of gastric cancer.

[Effect of lutein on relieving oxidative stress in mice induced by D-galatose].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of lutein on relieving oxidative stress in the liver of mice induced by D-galactose(D-gal). METHODS: Forty eight Kunming strain mice were randomized into 4 groups: model group, low lutein group (LL 10 mg/(kg x d)), high lutein group (HL 40 mg/(kg x d)) and normal control group. The content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and activity of total nitric oxide synthase (TNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and mitochondrial Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, Ca(2+)-ATPase in liver tissue were detected 6 weeks later in the experiment. The expression of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) mRNA and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA in hepatic tissue were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. RESULTS: ROS content in HL and LL group was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than that in the model group. The activity of Na(+)- K(+)-ATPase in HL and LL group and the activity of Ca(2+)-ATPase in HL group were significantly higher than that in the model group (P < 0.05). The activities of TNOS and iNOS and the content of NO in HL group were significantly lower than the model group (P < 0.05). The expression of HO-1 mRNA in HL group was significantly higher than that in the model group, but the expression of TLR4 mRNA in HL group was significantly lower than that in the model group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The mechanism of lutein on the protection of mice from oxidative stress induced by D-gal might be related to increasing the expression of HO-1 mRNA and reducing the expression of TLR4 mRNA.

The role of cellular oxidative stress in regulating glycolysis energy metabolism in hepatoma cells.

BACKGROUND: The Warburg effect has been found in a wide spectrum of human cancers, however the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. This study aims to explore the role of cellular oxidative stress in relation to glycolysis and the Warburg effect in hepatoma cells. METHODS: Various cell lines combining environmental hypoxia was used as an in vitro model to mimic tumor microenvironment in vivo. Superoxide dismutases (SOD) and xanthine oxidase (XO) gene transfection were used to produce various cellular redox levels. 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin (DCF) fluorescence and ESR spectrum were used to detect cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). RESULTS: We found that endogenous or exogenous interference with the cellular oxidative stress can sensitively regulate glycolysis and the Warburg effect in hepatoma cells. Hepatoma cells displayed a high level of free radicals compared to immortalized normal hepatocyte cells. Increasing the level of ROS stress in hepatoma cells can directly upregulate HIF-1 and activate glycolysis without requirement of a hypoxic condition. This explains the mechanism whereby aerobic glycolysis, i.e. the Warburg effect arises. Either endogenously upregulating SOD or exogenously administration with antioxidant can, through downregulating ROS level, effectively regulate energy pathways in hepatoma cells and can inhibit the growth of tumor cells and xenograft tumors. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the Warburg effect was related to an inherently high level of cellular ROS and HIF-1. Hepatoma cells adaptation to hypoxia for survival and rapid growth exploits oxidative stress ectopically activated glycolysis to compensate the energy supply. This specific mechanism in which tumor cells through cellular oxidative stress activate glycolysis to meet their energy metabolism requirement could be exploited to selectively kill tumor cells.

[Preparation of the spin trapping probe, N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone, nanoparticle and its affinity to hepatoma cells].

This article describes the preparation of the N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PBN) liposomes and their related characteristics. The PBN liposomes were prepared by film dispersion-supersonic method and the formula of liposomes was optimized by orthogonal uniform design. RP-HPLC was used to qualify the amount of PBN that entered into the hepatoma cells. Necrosis rate was also investigated by fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) after PBN liposomes transfection. Result showed that the mean particle size, entrapment efficiency, and polydispersity of the resulting PBN-liposome were 137.5 nm, 71.52% and 0.286, respectively. PBN liposomes can enter into the tumor cell stably and they have higher affinity to hepatoma cell compared with free PBN resulting in a higher necrosis rate after transfection. These results provide a potential method for early diagnosis and treatment of cancer using specific spin trapping probe targeting tumor cells.