[An epidemiological study of visual disability and visual rehabilitation in Beijing].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the status of visual disability and the demands for visual rehabilitation services in Beijing. METHODS: Five hundred and fifty-five persons with visual disability in Beijing from the Second National Survey on Disability of China were involved in this study. Their visual disability and demands for rehabilitation were evaluated. RESULTS: About three fourth of the visual disabled persons were over 60 years of age. Cataract, retinal and choroidal diseases, and glaucoma were the three leading causes of the visual impairment. Medical service was the number one (82.0%) demand for the persons with visual disability, although 89.4% of them had previously received some kinds of medial services. People who had received visual aid devices or rehabilitation training were 26.7% and 5.8%, respectively, while more people showed their demand for these service (36.6% and 11.9%, respectively). The demand for visual rehabilitation varied in different groups of age and severity of disability. CONCLUSION: Accessibility of high quality medical services for preventable blindness diseases should be further promoted. Public health education on visual rehabilitation is also needed.

[Status of demands on rehabilitation among handicapped persons of six categories in Beijing].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the status of rehabilitation demands and services of persons with disability in Beijing and to provide evidence for rehabilitation establishment programmed by government and civil society. METHODS: Using both qualitative and descriptive methodologies to analyze the data of 4852 disabled persons who had been confirmed of requiring rehabilitation services in Beijing. Data was from the Second China National Sample Survey on Disability in conferring the demands for rehabilitation services. RESULTS: The consciousness and demand for rehabilitation was higher among urban disabled residents than those living in the rural areas. Demand on rehabilitation training from children was accounted for 75.23%. Rates of demand on assistant device and medical service among the elderly were 57.05%, 66.86% respectively. Primary rehabilitation format of grade I and II appeared to be community-based and family service while grade III and IV were institutional rehabilitation programs. Rates on needs regarding vision and limb accounted for 85.23% and 59.91% respectively. 76.95% of the disability persons among intelligentsia needed community and family service. The rates on demand of medical treatment of mental, vision, limbs services were 92.80%, 86.77% and 68.24% respectively while the demand for assistant device of hearing disability was 83.09%. Rates of demand on rehabilitative training from mental, dication and mind disabled were 84.36%, 77.42%, 62.82%. Other kinds of demand and services seemed relatively low other than medical treatment. CONCLUSION: The gap between demand and salvation on rehabilitation was relatively great, suggesting the enhancement of disabled rehabilitation programs be strengthened to promote the build-up of a correct concept on rehabilitation among the disabled. Demands from the disabled persons should be extensively met.

[A cross-sectional study on prevalance and risk factors of disabilities in aged 0-6 years children in Beijing, China].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the epidemiological status of disabilities on vision impairment (VI), hearing loss (HL), mental retardation (MR), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and motor disorder (MD) in aged 0-6 years old children in Beijing. METHODS: A total of 28 738 children under 7 years old were recruited from permanent residents of Beijing City by 2-phase cluster sampling. The screening procedure was 2-phase, and the diagnosis criteria were developed by the experts group. RESULTS: The overall disability rate was 11.45 per thousand (95 % CI:10.22-12.68). The false negative rates in HL and ASD were 0.14 per thousand, 0.80 per thousand, respectively, with a adjusted overall rate of 12.19per thousand. The prevalence rates of different kind disabilities from high to low were MR 9.31per thousand, MD 2.12per thousand, ASD 1.53per thousand (0.73per thousand before adjusted), HL 1.04per thousand (0.91per thousand before adjusted) VI 0.73per thousand. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the possible non-biological risk factors for those disabilities were being male, living in city area, advancing age, mother with low education, mother engaged in labor work, and family with low income. It was primarily (49.62%) those prenatal factors other them the known suspected factors that causing disabilities. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with data from a countrywide study in 1987, the overall disability rate had a mild decrease (16.36%) with the most (56.85%) appeared in HL. It is indispensable to establish a disabilities surveillance program for the early recognition and intervention of children with disabilities. It is also crucial to clarify a disability definition for children combined with their characteristics of growth and development. We strongly recommended in developing a new definition on children' disabilities and establishing new criteria according to the contents of developmental disabilities of Center for Disease Control, USA.

Hydrophobic Acceleration of Electron Transfer Processes.

Electron transfer processes between 1-alpha-naphthyl-3-oxa-alkanes (1-n, n = 1, 8, 12, 16) and 2-alkyl-3,5,6-trichloro-1,4-benzoquinones (2-n, n = 8, 12, 16) facilitated by hydrophobic-lipophilic interactions (HLI) have been investigated by means of fluorescence spectroscopy in dioxane-H(2)O systems of different psi values, where psi is the volume fraction of the organic component of an aquiorgano mixture. Three lines of evidence, namely, EPR, UV-vis, and fluorescence quenching, indicate that electron transfer between 1-12 and 2-12 has occurred. Furthermore, both UV-vis evidence and the near constancy of the life time tau of 1-12() in the presence of different concentrations of the quencher 2-12 show that the electron transfer is preceded by preassociation, i.e., the quenching process is static. Therefore, the extent of HLI-driven coaggregation (preassociation) between the donors and the acceptors may be assessed from the Stern-Volmer slopes (Ksv). The chain-length effect, and possibly also a chain-foldability effect, has been observed. A notable observation is the importance of solvent aggregating power (SAgP) effect, which is indicated by the surge of Ksv values at psi