Distribution Characteristics of Human Papillomavirus Infection: A Study Based on Data from Physical Examination

Objective: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and type distribution of HPV DNA positive in women undergoing routine physical examination. Methods: 2,452 women were enrolled between March and November 2013. Participants were tested for 23 HPV types using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse dot blot hybridization. HPV DNA detection prevalence was estimated in different age groups. Results: Mean age (SD) of study participants was 47.7 (9.8) years. Overall HPV-positive prevalence was 18.9% (463/2452), and 22 out of 23 known subtypes were detected. Single HPV subtype prevalence of infection was 14.4%, and multiple prevalence of infection was 4.5%. The prevalence of HPV DNA in different age groups (20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, ≥70) were 9.3%, 15.6%, 17.1%, 22.1%, 23.0% and 20.0%, respectively. HPV 52 was the most prevalent HPV type, followed by HPV 58, 53, 16 and 68, in descending order of prevalence. The top five low-risk types of HPV were (in descending order): HPV81, 43, 6, 42 and 11. Conclusions: Overall HPV DNA detection prevalence increased significantly with increasing age. Concerning high-risk HPV types, HPV 52, 58, 53, 16 and 51 were the most common in the study.

Sequence analysis and phylogeny of deer (Cervidae) MtDNA control regions.

The complete control regions of three Muntiacinae species of Cervidae (M. reevesi, M. muntjak and M. crinifrons) were located after their complete mtDNA genomes were sequenced. In addition the control region sequences of nine species of other three Cervidae subfamilies were obtained from the Genbank. Base compositions, genetic distances and percent similarities among these regions were calculated and the homologous sequences were compared. Based on their control region sequences, the molecular phylogenetic tree was constructed by Neighbor-Joining method and rooted using the mtDNA control region sequence of O. aries. Furthermore, the phylogenetic relationship among the twelve species was discussed. The lengths of their control regions ranged from 909 bp to 1 049 bp and A + T content is 62.06%. The sequence alignment revealed considerable variation in 363 nucleotide sites (about 34%). According to the phylogenetic tree, we suggest: (1) As a whole, the phylogenetic taxon of the twelve Cervidae species based on their control region sequences is consistent with that made by the NCBI; (2) A. alces, a species of Alces (subfamily: Odocoileinae) is most antique one among the twelve Cervidae species; (3) M. reevesi is more antique than M. muntjak and M. crinifrons; (4) H. inermis, belonging to the subfamily Hydropotinae, is merged into the branch which includes C. capreolus and C. pygargus, two species of Capreolus (subfamily: Odocoileinae).

[Expression analysis of mouse homologous proteins with human aldose reductase like-1].

OBJECTIVE: To detect expression of mouse ARL-1 homologous proteins in mouse tissues, and analyze homology, genetic distance and phylogenetic relationship between human aldose reductase like-1 (ARL-1) and mouse homologous proteins. METHODS: Homology of mouse ARL-1 homologous proteins with human ARL-1 was analyzed by software Clustal X 1.8 using GenBank and Swiss-Prot database; genetic distance and phylogenetic relationship between mouse ARL-1 homologous proteins and human ARL-1 were analyzed by software Mega 2.0; mouse tissues were detected by Western blotting using polyclonal antibodies against ARL-1 protein from domestic rabbits. RESULTS: The amino acid sequence of human ARL-1 was 83%, 82%, 81%, 79%, 70%, 51%, 50% and 45% identical to that of the Chinese hamster ovary reductase (CHO-Red), the mouse fibroblast growth factor-regulated protein (FR-1), rat aldose reductase-like protein (rARLP), the mouse vas deferens protein (MVDP), rat lens aldose reductase (LeAR), delta4-3-ketosteroid-5beta-reductase (5beta-Red), rat aldo-keto reductase protein c (RaK-c) and 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3alpha-HSD). Among all the mouse ARL-1 homologous proteins, the genetic distance between CHO-Red and human ARL was the shortest (18.0%, P = 0.023), next was FR-1 (19.1%, P=0.023) and rARLP (19.9%, P = 0.025). From the phylogenetic tree, the protein whose relationship with human ARL-1 was the closest with CHO-Red, next was mouse FR-1, rARLP, MVDP and LeAR. Homologous proteins were found in mouse tissues including vas deferens, testis, bladder and uterus by Western blotting using polyclonal antibodies against ARL-1 protein from domestic rabbits. CONCLUSIONS: CHO-Red has the highest homology, the shortest genetic distance and the closest relationship with human ARL-1, next is FR-1, rARLP, MVDP. The major distribution of mouse ARL-1 homologous proteins is in vas deferens, testis, bladder and uterus, deducing they might be CHO-Red, FR-1, rARLP or MVDP

[Sequence and organization of Muntiacus reevesi mitochondrial genome].

A shot-gun DNA sequence strategy was employed,in which the mitochondrial genome library of Muntiacus reevesi has been constructed to obtain the complete mitochondrial genome sequence. The Chinese Muntjac's mitochondrial genome, consisting of 16354 base pairs which encode genes for 13 proteins, 2 rRNAs, and 22 tRNAs, is similar to those mammals in both order and orientation. The sequence of rRNA gene, some of the protein-coding regions and tRNAs are highly homologous in mammals. Differences existing in the length and sequence of the D-loop regions account for the variations in mammals mitochondrial genomes.