Enhanced Circular Dichroism for Achiral Sensing Based on a DNA-Origami-Empowered Anapole Metasurface.

Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy has been extensively utilized for detecting and distinguishing the chirality of diverse substances and structures. However, CD spectroscopy is inherently weak and conventionally associated with chiral sensing, thus constraining its range of applications. Here, we report a DNA-origami-empowered metasurface sensing platform through the collaborative effect of metasurfaces and DNA origami, enabling achiral/slightly chiral sensing with high sensitivity via the enhanced ΔCD. An anapole metasurface, boasting over 60 times the average optical chirality enhancement, was elaborately designed to synergize with reconfigurable DNA origami. We experimentally demonstrated the detection of achiral/slightly chiral DNA linker strands via the enhanced ΔCD of the proposed platform, whose sensitivity was a 10-fold enhancement compared with the platform without metasurfaces. Our work presents a high-sensitivity platform for achiral/slightly chiral sensing through chiral spectroscopy, expanding the capabilities of chiral spectroscopy and inspiring the integration of multifunctional artificial nanostructures across diverse domains.

High-Sensitivity Optical Sensors Empowered by Quasi-Bound States in the Continuum in a Hybrid Metal-Dielectric Metasurface.

Enhancing light-matter interaction is a key requisite in the realm of optical sensors. Bound states in the continuum (BICs), possessing high quality factors (Q factors), have shown great advantages in sensing applications. Recent theories elucidate the ability of BICs with hybrid metal-dielectric architectures to achieve high Q factors and high sensitivities. However, the experimental validation of the sensing performance in such hybrid systems remains equivocal. In this study, we propose two symmetry-protected quasi-BIC modes in a metal-dielectric metasurface. Our results demonstrate that, under the normal incidence of light, the quasi-BIC mode dominated by dielectric can achieve a high Q factor of 412 and a sensing performance with a high bulk sensitivity of 492.7 nm/RIU (refractive index unit) and a figure of merit (FOM) of 266.3 RIU-1, while the quasi-BIC mode dominated by metal exhibits a stronger surface affinity in the biotin-streptavidin bioassay. These findings offer a promising approach for implementing metasurface-based sensors, representing a paradigm for high-sensitivity biosensing platforms.

Creating pairs of exceptional points for arbitrary polarization control: asymmetric vectorial wavefront modulation.

Exceptional points (EPs) can achieve intriguing asymmetric control in non-Hermitian systems due to the degeneracy of eigenstates. Here, we present a general method that extends this specific asymmetric response of EP photonic systems to address any arbitrary fully-polarized light. By rotating the meta-structures at EP, Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase can be exclusively encoded on one of the circular polarization-conversion channels. To address any arbitrary wavefront, we superpose the optical signals originating from two orthogonally polarized -yet degenerate- EP eigenmodes. The construction of such orthogonal EP eigenstates pairs is achieved by applying mirror-symmetry to the nanostructure geometry flipping thereby the EP eigenmode handedness from left to right circular polarization. Non-Hermitian reflective PB metasurfaces designed using such EP superposition enable arbitrary, yet unidirectional, vectorial wavefront shaping devices. Our results open new avenues for topological wave control and illustrate the capabilities of topological photonics to distinctively operate on arbitrary polarization-state with enhanced performances.

Nanoparticle Deep-Subwavelength Dynamics Empowered by Optical Meron-Antimeron Topology.

Optical meron is a type of nonplanar topological texture mainly observed in surface plasmon polaritons and highly symmetric points of photonic crystals in the reciprocal space. Here, we report Poynting-vector merons formed at the real space of a photonic crystal for a Γ-point illumination. Optical merons can be utilized for subwavelength-resolution manipulation of nanoparticles, resembling a topological Hall effect on electrons via magnetic merons. In particular, staggered merons and antimerons impose strong radiation pressure on large gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), while focused hot spots in antimerons generate dominant optical gradient forces on small AuNPs. Synergistically, differently sized AuNPs in a still environment can be trapped or orbit in opposite directions, mimicking a coupled galaxy system. They can also be separated with a 10 nm precision when applying a flow velocity of >1 mm/s. Our study unravels a novel way to exploit topological textures for optical manipulation with deep-subwavelength precision and switchable topology in a lossless environment.

Dystonia, spastic tetraplegia, and ataxia due to a novel mutation in the dynamin domain of OPA1.

Movement disorders manifest in various hereditary neurodegenerative diseases. We reported a young man who presented with progressive upper limb dystonia, spastic tetraplegia, and ataxia. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) revealed a novel variant, c.2357A > G, in the dynamin domain of OPA1. No mtDNA deletion was detected in muscle by long-range PCR. Atrophy and decreased glucose metabolism of the basal ganglia were discovered. Decreased mtDNA copy number, fragmented mitochondria, slightly impaired oxidative phosphorylation, and increased autophagy were detected in mutant fibroblasts. Evident oxidative phosphorylation impairment and mtDNA deletions were not involved in the pathogenicity of this mutation unlike mutations in the GTPase domain of OPA1.

Cobalt-doped tin disulfide catalysts for high-capacity lithium-air batteries with high lifetime.

Dual electrolyte lithium-air batteries have received widespread attention for their ultra-high energy density. However, the low internal redox efficiency of these batteries results in a relatively short operating life. SnS2 is widely used in Li-S batteries, Li-ion batteries, photocatalysis, and other fields due to the high discharge capacity in batteries. However, SnS2 suffers from low electrical conductivity and slow redox kinetics. In this study, Co-doped SnS2 is prepared by hydrothermal method for application in dual-electrolyte lithium-air batteries to study its electrochemical performance and its catalytic reaction process by DFT theory. Conductivity tests show that the Co doping enhances the electrical conductivity of the material and high transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) results demonstrate that the Co doping of SnS2 increases the grain plane spacing and the material indicates that defects are created on the surface of the material, which is more beneficial to the electrochemical performance of the cell. Co-doped SnS2 exhibits excellent good cycling stability and high discharge capacity in a dual electrolyte lithium-air battery, maintaining a 0.7 V overpotential for 120 h at a current density of 0.1 mA cm-2, with a cell life of over 500 h and an initial discharge capacity showing excellent results up to 16 065 mA h g-1. In addition, this study explores the catalytic activity of Co-doped SnS2 based on density flooding theory (DFT). The results show that Co atoms have a synergistic effect with Sn atoms to perturb the lattice parameters. The calculations show that the catalytic activity is enhanced with the increasing of Co doping content and 3Co-Sn exhibits minimal overpotential.

Scattering exceptional point in the visible.

Exceptional point (EP) is a special degeneracy of non-Hermitian systems. One-dimensional transmission systems operating at EPs are widely studied and applied to chiral conversion and sensing. Lately, two-dimensional systems at EPs have been exploited for their exotic scattering features, yet so far been limited to only the non-visible waveband. Here, we report a universal paradigm for achieving a high-efficiency EP in the visible by leveraging interlayer loss to accurately control the interplay between the lossy structure and scattering lightwaves. A bilayer framework is demonstrated to reflect back the incident light from the left side ( | r-1 | >0.999) and absorb the incident light from the right side ( | r+1 | < 10-4). As a proof of concept, a bilayer metasurface is demonstrated to reflect and absorb the incident light with experimental efficiencies of 88% and 85%, respectively, at 532 nm. Our results open the way for a new class of nanoscale devices and power up new opportunities for EP physics.

Optofluidic Tweezers: Efficient and Versatile Micro/Nano-Manipulation Tools.

Optical tweezers (OTs) can transfer light momentum to particles, achieving the precise manipulation of particles through optical forces. Due to the properties of non-contact and precise control, OTs have provided a gateway for exploring the mysteries behind nonlinear optics, soft-condensed-matter physics, molecular biology, and analytical chemistry. In recent years, OTs have been combined with microfluidic chips to overcome their limitations in, for instance, speed and efficiency, creating a technology known as "optofluidic tweezers." This paper describes static OTs briefly first. Next, we overview recent developments in optofluidic tweezers, summarizing advancements in capture, manipulation, sorting, and measurement based on different technologies. The focus is on various kinds of optofluidic tweezers, such as holographic optical tweezers, photonic-crystal optical tweezers, and waveguide optical tweezers. Moreover, there is a continuing trend of combining optofluidic tweezers with other techniques to achieve greater functionality, such as antigen-antibody interactions and Raman tweezers. We conclude by summarizing the main challenges and future directions in this research field.

Recent progress in quantum photonic chips for quantum communication and internet.

Recent years have witnessed significant progress in quantum communication and quantum internet with the emerging quantum photonic chips, whose characteristics of scalability, stability, and low cost, flourish and open up new possibilities in miniaturized footprints. Here, we provide an overview of the advances in quantum photonic chips for quantum communication, beginning with a summary of the prevalent photonic integrated fabrication platforms and key components for integrated quantum communication systems. We then discuss a range of quantum communication applications, such as quantum key distribution and quantum teleportation. Finally, the review culminates with a perspective on challenges towards high-performance chip-based quantum communication, as well as a glimpse into future opportunities for integrated quantum networks.

Polychromatic full-polarization control in mid-infrared light.

Objects with different shapes, materials and temperatures can emit distinct polarizations and spectral information in mid-infrared band, which provides a unique signature in the transparent window for object identification. However, the crosstalk among various polarization and wavelength channels prevents from accurate mid-infrared detections at high signal-to-noise ratio. Here, we report full-polarization metasurfaces to break the inherent eigen-polarization constraint over the wavelengths in mid-infrared. This recipe enables to select arbitrary orthogonal polarization basis at individual wavelength independently, therefore alleviating the crosstalk and efficiency degradation. A six-channel all-silicon metasurface is specifically presented to project focused mid-infrared light to distinct positions at three wavelengths, each with a pair of arbitrarily chosen orthogonal polarizations. An isolation ratio of 117 between neighboring polarization channels is experimentally recorded, exhibiting detection sensitivity one order of magnitude higher than existing infrared detectors. Remarkably, the high aspect ratio ~30 of our meta-structures manufactured by deep silicon etching technology at temperature -150 °C guarantees the large and precise phase dispersion control over a broadband from 3 to 4.5 µm. We believe our results would benefit the noise-immune mid-infrared detections in remote sensing and space-to-ground communications.

Arbitrarily polarized bound states in the continuum with twisted photonic crystal slabs.

Arbitrary polarized vortex beam induced by polarization singularity offers a new platform for both classical optics and quantum entanglement applications. Bound states in the continuum (BICs) have been demonstrated to be associated with topological charge and vortex polarization singularities in momentum space. For conventional symmetric photonic crystal slabs (PhCSs), BIC is enclosed by linearly polarized far fields with winding angle of 2π, which is unfavorable for high-capacity and multi-functionality integration-optics applications. Here, we show that by breaking σz-symmetry of the PhCS, asymmetry in upward and downward directions and arbitrarily polarized BIC can be realized with a bilayer-twisted PhCS. It exhibits elliptical polarization states with constant ellipticity angle at every point in momentum space within the vicinity of BIC. The topological nature of BIC reflects on the orientation angle of polarization state, with a topological charge of 1 for any value of ellipticity angle. Full coverage of Poincaré sphere (i.e., [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) and higher-order Poincaré sphere can be realized by tailoring the twist angles. Our findings may open up new avenues for applications in structured light, quantum optics, and twistronics for photons.

Autonomic dysfunction-dominant phenotype in a Chinese family with biallelic GGC repeat expansions in NOTCH2NLC.

The GGC repeat expansions in the NOTCH2NLC gene are associated with multiple neurodegenerative disorders. Herein, we report the clinical phenotype in a family with biallelic GGC expansions in NOTCH2NLC. Autonomic dysfunction was a prominent clinical manifestation in three genetically confirmed patients without dementia, parkinsonism, and cerebellar ataxia for > 12 years. A 7-T brain magnetic resonance imaging in two patients revealed a change in the small cerebral veins. The biallelic GGC repeat expansions may not modify the disease progression in neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease. Autonomic dysfunction-dominant may expand the clinical phenotype of NOTCH2NLC.

A retrospective observation of virologically suppressed people living with HIV by comparing switching to BIC/TAF/FTC with initial use BIC/TAF/FTC.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to observe retrospectively the clinical response of virologically suppressed people living with HIV (PLWH) by comparing switching to BIC/TAF/FTC with initial use BIC/TAF/FTC. METHODS: PLWH using BIC/TAF/FTC was divided into 'initial use' group and 'switching to' group. Immune response, metabolic parameters and renal function between the two groups were analysed. RESULTS: The CD4 cell counts was higher in post- treatment than pre- treatment in the 'switching to' group (416.54 ± 212.11 cells/mm3 vs. 243.72 ± 156.64 cells/mm3, p < .001); however, significant differences were not observed in the 'initial use' group (p = .658). The effect of BIC/TAF/FTC on metabolism was not obvious. Serum creatinine (SCr) was improved in post-treatment than in pre-treatment in 'switching to' group (69.03 ± 18.78 vs. 77.52 ± 20.18, p < .001). Platelet count was lower in post-treatment than pre-treatment both in the 'initial use' group (175.81 ± 69.27 vs. 202.90 ± 66.56, p = .070) and in the 'switching to' group (177.04 ± 64.48 vs. 212.53 ± 63.43, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: 'Switching to' is superior to 'initial use' BIC/TAF/FTC in immune response among PLWH. The effect of BIC/TAF/FTC on metabolism is not obvious. BIC/TAF/FTC related thrombocytopenia needs to be further explored.

Exploiting extraordinary topological optical forces at bound states in the continuum.

Polarization singularities and topological vortices in photonic crystal slabs centered at bound states in the continuum (BICs) can be attributed to zero amplitude of polarization vectors. We show that such topological features are also observed in optical forces within the vicinity of BIC, around which the force vectors wind in the momentum space. The topological force carries force topological charge and can be used for trapping and repelling nanoparticles. By tailoring asymmetry of the photonic crystal slab, topological force will contain spinning behavior and shifted force zeros, which can lead to three-dimensional asymmetric trapping. Several off-Γ BICs generate multiple force zeros with various force distribution patterns. Our findings introduce the concepts of topology to optical force around BICs and create opportunities to realize optical force vortices and enhanced reversible forces for manipulating nanoparticles and fluid flow.

Stable optical lateral forces from inhomogeneities of the spin angular momentum.

Transverse spin momentum related to the spin angular momentum (SAM) of light has been theoretically studied recently and predicted to generate an intriguing optical lateral force (OLF). Despite extensive studies, there is no direct experimental evidence of a stable OLF resulting from the dominant SAM rather than the ubiquitous spin-orbit interaction in a single light beam. Here, we theoretically unveil the nontrivial physics of SAM-correlated OLF, showing that the SAM is a dominant factor for the OLF on a nonabsorbing particle, while an additional force from the canonical (orbital) momentum is exhibited on an absorbing particle due to the spin-orbit interaction. Experimental results demonstrate the bidirectional movement of 5-µm-diameter particles on both sides of the beam with opposite spin momenta. The amplitude and sign of this force strongly depend on the polarization. Our optofluidic platform advances the exploitation of exotic forces in systems with a dominant SAM, facilitating the exploration of fascinating light-matter interactions.

Resource-efficient high-dimensional subspace teleportation with a quantum autoencoder.

Quantum autoencoders serve as efficient means for quantum data compression. Here, we propose and demonstrate their use to reduce resource costs for quantum teleportation of subspaces in high-dimensional systems. We use a quantum autoencoder in a compress-teleport-decompress manner and report the first demonstration with qutrits using an integrated photonic platform for future scalability. The key strategy is to compress the dimensionality of input states by erasing redundant information and recover the initial states after chip-to-chip teleportation. Unsupervised machine learning is applied to train the on-chip autoencoder, enabling the compression and teleportation of any state from a high-dimensional subspace. Unknown states are decompressed at a high fidelity (~0.971), obtaining a total teleportation fidelity of ~0.894. Subspace encodings hold great potential as they support enhanced noise robustness and increased coherence. Laying the groundwork for machine learning techniques in quantum systems, our scheme opens previously unidentified paths toward high-dimensional quantum computing and networking.

Recent Progress on Optical Micro/Nanomanipulations: Structured Forces, Structured Particles, and Synergetic Applications.

Optical manipulation has achieved great success in the fields of biology, micro/nano robotics and physical sciences in the past few decades. To date, the optical manipulation is still witnessing substantial progress powered by the growing accessibility of the complex light field, advanced nanofabrication and developed understandings of light-matter interactions. In this perspective, we highlight recent advancements of optical micro/nanomanipulations in cutting-edge applications, which can be fostered by structured optical forces enabled with diverse auxiliary multiphysical field/forces and structured particles. We conclude with our vision of ongoing and futuristic directions, including heat-avoided and heat-utilized manipulation, nonlinearity-mediated trapping and manipulation, metasurface/two-dimensional material based optical manipulation, as well as interface-based optical manipulation.

Lanthanide Ion Resonance-Driven Rayleigh Scattering of Nanoparticles for Dual-Modality Interferometric Scattering Microscopy.

Light scattering from nanoparticles is significant in nanoscale imaging, photon confinement. and biosensing. However, engineering the scattering spectrum, traditionally by modifying the geometric feature of particles, requires synthesis and fabrication with nanometre accuracy. Here it is reported that doping lanthanide ions can engineer the scattering properties of low-refractive-index nanoparticles. When the excitation wavelength matches the ion resonance frequency of lanthanide ions, the polarizability and the resulted scattering cross-section of nanoparticles are dramatically enhanced. It is demonstrated that these purposely engineered nanoparticles can be used for interferometric scattering (iSCAT) microscopy. Conceptually, a dual-modality iSCAT microscopy is further developed to identify different nanoparticle types in living HeLa cells. The work provides insight into engineering the scattering features by doping elements in nanomaterials, further inspiring exploration of the geometry-independent scattering modulation strategy.

Single Escherichia coli bacteria detection using a chemiluminescence digital microwell array chip.

Rapid and sensitive Escherichia coli (E. coli) detection is important in determining environmental contamination, food contamination, as well as bacterial infection. Conventional methods based on bacterial culture suffer from long testing time (24 h), whereas novel nucleic acid-based and immunolabelling approaches are hindered by complicated operation, the need of complex and costly equipment, and the lack of differentiation of live and dead bacteria. Herein, we propose a chemiluminescence digital microwell array chip based on the hydrolysis of 6-Chloro-4-methylumbelliferyl-ß-D-glucuronide by the ß-D-glucuronidase in E. coli to achieve fast single bacterial fluorescence detection. Taking the advantage of the picoliter microwells, single bacteria are digitally encapsulated in these microwells, thus the accurate quantification of E. coli can be realized by counting the number of positive microwells. We also show that the chemiluminescence digital microwell array chip is not affected by the turbidity of the test samples as well as the temperature. Most importantly, our method can differentiate live and dead bacteria through bacterial proliferation and enzyme expression, which is confirmed by detecting E. coli after pH and chlorination treatment. By comparing with the standard method of plate counting, our method has comparable performance but significantly reduces the testing time from over 24 h-2 h and 4 h for qualitative and quantitative analysis, respectively. In addition, the microfluidic chip is portable and easy to operate without external pump, which is promising as a rapid and on-site platform for single E. coli analysis in water and food monitoring, as well as infection diagnosis.

Inverse Optical Torques on Dielectric Nanoparticles in Elliptically Polarized Light Waves.

Elliptically polarized light waves carry the spin angular momentum (SAM), so they can exert optical torques on nanoparticles. Usually, the rotation follows the same direction as the SAM due to momentum conservation. It is counterintuitive to observe the reversal of optical torque acting on an ordinary dielectric nanoparticle illuminated by an elliptically or circularly polarized light wave. Here, we demonstrate that negative optical torques, which are opposite to the direction of SAM, can ubiquitously emerge when elliptically polarized light waves are impinged on dielectric nanoparticles obliquely. Intriguingly, the rotation can be switched between clockwise and counterclockwise directions by controlling the incident angle of light. Our study suggests a new playground to harness polarization-dependent optical force and torque for advancing optical manipulations.