Coiled-coil domain-containing 154 promotes colorectal cancer proliferation and metastasis via interacting with minichromosome maintenance complex component 2.

Coiled-Coil Domain-Containing (CCDC) is a large class of structural proteins containing left-handed supercoiled structure. The clinical value and the functional implication of CCDC in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unknown. Based on the genetic, transcriptional, and clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas, five of thirty-six CCDC proteins were differentially expressed in the CRC and associated with the survival of patients with CRC. A CCDC-score model was established to evaluate the prognosis of patients. The potential function of Coiled-Coil Domain-Containing 154 (CCDC154) was investigated using bioinformatical methods, which unveiled that high expression of CCDC154 indicates poor survival for patients with CRC and correlates with low infiltration of CD8+ T cells and high infiltration of neutrophils, indicating that CCDC154 enhances tumor growth and metastasis. CCDC154 interacts with Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 2 (MCM2) protein and promotes malignant phenotype via MCM2. We validated the expression level and survival prediction value of CCDC154 in clinical samples, and analyzed its co-expression of MCM2, Ki-67 and p53. This work discloses the role of CCDC in clinical setting and CCDC154 functions in CRC.

Stereotactic body radiotherapy combined with sintilimab in patients with recurrent or oligometastatic hepatocellular carcinoma: A phase II clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and programmed cell death 1 inhibitors have shown potential in treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in retrospective studies. AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of combining SBRT with sintilimab for patients with recurrent or oligometastatic HCC. METHODS: This trial involved patients with recurrent or oligometastatic HCC intravenously treated with SBRT plus sintilimab every 3 wk for 12 mo or until disease progression. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS: Twenty-five patients were enrolled from August 14, 2019, to August 23, 2021. The median treatment duration was 10.2 (range, 0.7-14.6) months. SBRT was delivered at a median dose of 54 (range, 48-60) Gy in 6 (range, 6-10) fractions. The median follow-up time was 21.9 (range, 10.3-39.7) mo, and 32 targeted lesions among 25 patients were evaluated for treatment response according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1. The median PFS was 19.7 mo [95% confidence interval (CI): 16.9-NA], with PFS rates of 68% (95%CI: 52-89) and 45.3% (95%CI: 28-73.4) at 12 and 24 mo, respectively. The median overall survival (OS) was not reached, with OS rates of 91.5% (95%CI: 80.8-100.0) and 83.2% (95%CI: 66.5-100.0) at 12 and 24 mo, respectively. The 1- and 2-year local control rate were 100% and 90.9% (95%CI: 75.4%-100.0%), respectively. The confirmed objective response rate and disease control rate was 96%, and 96%, respectively. Most adverse events were graded as 1 or 2, and grade 3 adverse events were observed in three patients. CONCLUSION: SBRT plus sintilimab is an effective, well-tolerated treatment regimen for patients with recurrent or oligometastatic HCC.

Molecular mechanisms investigation for liver metastasis of colorectal cancer by combined bioinformatic gene expression profile analysis.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. As the molecular mechanism for liver metastasis of CRC has not yet been completely discovered, identification of hub genes and pathways of this disease is of importance for revealing potential molecular mechanism of colorectal cancer progression. This study aimed to identify potential biomarkers and survival analysis of hub genes for CRC treatment. METHODS: The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between colorectal cancer liver metastasis and primary tumor were screened using microarray data from two datasets GSE179979, GSE144259 obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed for DEGs using DAVID database, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the Cytoscape software, and module analysis was performed using MCODE. Then, overall survival (OS), progression free interval (PFI) and disease specific survival (DSS) analysis of hub genes was performed by using TCGA database. The correlations between hub genes and clinical values were validated through CRN and immunohistochemistry (IHC) stain. RESULTS: A total of 64 DEGs were obtained, KEGG pathway analysis showed that the significant pathways included PPAR signaling pathway, Complement and coagulation cascades. Four hub genes (ITIH2, ALB, CPB2, HGFAC) and two biomarkers (CPB2, HGFAC) with significantly prognostic values were verified by Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort. CONCLUSIONS: CPB2 and HGFAC may serve as new biomarkers in diagnosing liver metastasis of CRC or potential drug target.

Antinuclear antibody (ANA) status predicts immune-related adverse events in liver cancer patients undergoing anti-PD-1 therapy.

Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) clinically resemble autoimmune diseases, indicating autoantibodies could be potential biomarkers for the prediction of irAEs. This study aimed to assess the predictive value of peripheral blood antinuclear antibody (ANA) status for irAEs, considering the time and severity of irAEs, as well as treatment outcome in liver cancer patients administered anti-PD-1 therapy. Ninety-three patients with advanced primary liver cancer administered anti-PD-1 treatment were analyzed retrospectively. They were divided into the ANA positive (ANA+, titer ≥ 1:100) and negative (ANA-, titer < 1:100) groups. Development of irAEs, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were assessed. Compared with ANA- patients, ANA+ cases were more prone to develop irAEs (43.3% vs. 19.2%, P = 0.031). With the increase of ANA titers, the frequency of irAEs increased. The time interval between anti-PD-1 therapy and the onset of irAEs was significantly shorter in ANA+ patients compared with the ANA- group (median, 1.7 months vs. 5.0 months, P = 0.022). Moreover, the time between anti-PD-1 therapy and irAE occurrence decreased with increasing ANA titer. In addition, PFS and OS were decreased in ANA+ patients compared with the ANA- group (median PFS, 2.8 months vs. 4.2 months, P = 0.043; median OS, 21.1 months vs. not reached, P = 0.041). IrAEs occur at higher frequency in ANA+ liver cancer patients undergoing anti-PD-1 therapy. ANA titer could help predict irAE development and treatment outcome in these patients.

Early complete tumor response as a survival predictor in hepatocellular carcinoma patients receiving stereotactic body radiation therapy.

Background and Purpose: To evaluate the different response patterns after Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) and their predictive value in local control and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and methods: Seventy-two HCC patients who were treated with SBRT during 2015-2020 were included in this retrospective study. The assessment was made using MRI, CT, and PET-CT. Local and systemic responses were determined according to modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST) criteria during follow up. Patients were categorized as early responders (complete response during 6 months after radiotherapy) or non-early responders (the rest of the patients). Prognostic factors were determined using multivariate logistic models. Results: The median follow-up was 24.0 months (range, 7.7-74.5 months). We found that 84.7%（61/72) of patients achieved a complete response. Early responses occurred in 45 patients (45/72, 62.5%), and they had 1-, 2-, and 5- year intrahepatic outfield-free survival (OutFFS) rates of 86.2%, 80.3%, and 76.3% vs. 55.3%, 44.7%, and 33.5% in non-early responses patients, whereas the 1-, 2-, and 5- year distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) were 95.5%, 84.5% and 79.5% and 74.1%, 56.2% and 56.2%, respectively. The 1-, 2-, and 5-year overall survival (OS) were 97.7%, 92.1%, 79.1%, and 85.2%, 53.8%, and 40.3%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that early tumor response was an independent predictor of OutFFS, DMFS, and OS. Conclusions: Early complete tumor response within 6 months after radiotherapy predicted better intrahepatic outfield-free survival, distant metastasis-free survival, and overall survival outcomes. Confirmation is warranted for early response on SBRT to guide decision making.

Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase in tumor cells and tumor microenvironment: An emerging player and promising therapeutic opportunity.

Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) is a member of the AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) protein family, which is widely and highly expressed in multiple cancer types. Through direct and indirect interactions with other targets, it mediates various cascades of signal transduction processes and plays an important role in regulating tumor cell survival, growth, invasion and migration and other biological functions. Interestingly, MELK also plays an important role in the regulation of the tumor microenvironment, which can not only predict the responsiveness of immunotherapy, but also affect the function of immune cells to regulate tumor progression. In addition, more and more small molecule inhibitors have been developed for the target of MELK, which exert important anti-tumor effects and have achieved excellent results in a number of clinical trials. In this review, we outline the structural features, molecular biological functions, potential regulatory mechanisms and important roles of MELK in tumors and tumor microenvironment, as well as substances targeting MELK. Although many molecular mechanisms of MELK in the process of tumor regulation are still unknown, it is worth affirming that MELK is a potential tumor molecular therapeutic target, and its unique superiority and important role provide clues and confidence for subsequent basic research and scientific transformation.

CircTUBD1 Regulates Radiation-induced Liver Fibrosis Response via a circTUBD1/micro-203a-3p/Smad3 Positive Feedback Loop.

Background and Aims: Radiation-induced liver fibrosis (RILF), delayed damage to the liver (post-irradiation) remains a major challenge for the radiotherapy of liver malignancies. This study investigated the potential function and mechanism of circTUBD1 in the development of RILF. Methods: By using a dual luciferase assay, RNA pull-down assays, RNA sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation (known as ChIP) assays, and a series of gain- or loss-of-function experiments, it was found that circTUBD1 regulated the activation and fibrosis response of LX-2 cells induced by irradiation via a circTUBD1/micro-203a-3p/Smad3 positive feedback loop in a 3D system. Results: Knockdown of circTUBD1 not only reduced the expression of α-SMA, as a marker of LX-2 cell activation, but also significantly decreased the levels of hepatic fibrosis molecules, collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1), collagen type III alpha 1 (COL3A1), and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in a three-dimensional (3D) culture system and RILF model in vivo. Notably, knockdown of circTUBD1 alleviated early liver fibrosis induced by irradiation in mice models. Conclusions: This study is the first to reveal the mechanism and role of circTUBD1 in RILF via a circTUBD1/micro-203a-3p/Smad3 feedback loop, which provides a novel therapeutic strategy for relieving the progression of RILF.

Effect of the normal liver mean dose on intrahepatic recurrence in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after receiving liver stereotactic body radiation therapy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This study aims to evaluate whether dosimetric parameters affect the intrahepatic out-field recurrence or distant metastasis-free survival following the stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 76 patients with HCC who were treated with SBRT from January 2015 to May 2020 were included in this retrospective study. The main clinical endpoints considered were intrahepatic out-field free survival (OutFFS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS). The target parameters and the liver were documented including tumor diameters, gross tumor volume (GTV), Liver minus GTV volume (LGV), and Liver minus GTV mean dose (LGD). Multivariable Cox regression with forward stepwise selection was performed to identify independent risk factors for OutFFS and DMFS. Maximally selected rank statistics were used to determine the most informative cut-off value for age and LGD. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 28.2 months (range, 7.7-74.5 months). LGD higher than 12.54 Gy [HR, 0.861(0.747-0.993); p = 0.040] and age greater than 67-year-old [HR, 0.966(0.937-0.997); p = 0.030] are two independent predictors of OutFFS, previous TACE treatment [HR, 0.117(0.015-0.891); p = 0.038] was an independent predictor of DMFS. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggested that the higher the dose received by the normal liver (greater than 12.54 Gy) the better the intrahepatic out-field recurrence-free survival (RFS) rate. Further study is warranted to confirm and to better understand this phenomenon.

Molecular Characteristics of T Cell-Mediated Tumor Killing in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Background: Although checkpoint blockade is a promising approach for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), subsets of patients expected to show a response have not been established. As T cell-mediated tumor killing (TTK) is the fundamental principle of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, we established subtypes based on genes related to the sensitivity to TKK and evaluated their prognostic value for HCC immunotherapies. Methods: Genes regulating the sensitivity of tumor cells to T cell-mediated killing (referred to as GSTTKs) showing differential expression in HCC and correlations with prognosis were identified by high-throughput screening assays. Unsupervised clustering was applied to classify patients with HCC into subtypes based on the GSTTKs. The tumor microenvironment, metabolic properties, and genetic variation were compared among the subgroups. A scoring algorithm based on the prognostic GSTTKs, referred to as the TCscore, was developed, and its clinical and predictive value for the response to immunotherapy were evaluated. Results: In total, 18 out of 641 GSTTKs simultaneously showed differential expression in HCC and were correlated with prognosis. Based on the 18 GSTTKs, patients were clustered into two subgroups, which reflected distinct TTK patterns in HCC. Tumor-infiltrating immune cells, immune-related gene expression, glycolipid metabolism, somatic mutations, and signaling pathways differed between the two subgroups. The TCscore effectively distinguished between populations with different responses to chemotherapeutics or immunotherapy and overall survival. Conclusions: TTK patterns played a nonnegligible role in formation of TME diversity and metabolic complexity. Evaluating the TTK patterns of individual tumor will contribute to enhancing our cognition of TME characterization, reflects differences in the functionality of T cells in HCC and guiding more effective therapy strategies.

Radiation Therapy Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Immune Cloaking via PD-L1 Upregulation Induced by cGAS-STING Activation.

PURPOSE: Radiation therapy (RT) is one of the main treatments for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Emerging evidence indicates that the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS) stimulator of interferon gene (STING) pathway is crucial in RT-induced antitumor immune responses. Here, we discovered that activation of the cancer cell-intrinsic cGAS-STING pathway mediated immune cloaking after RT-induced DNA damage. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Key regulatory proteins in the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in human and murine HCC cell lines were knocked out or down using CRISPR and CRISPR-associated protein 9 or small interfering RNA. The underlying mechanism of immune cloaking and clinical significance of cGAS-STING-induced programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression were studied with both ex vivo analyses and in vitro experiments. RESULTS: RT upregulated PD-L1 in patients with HCC, which correlated with poor survival. RT activated cGAS-STING, increasing immune-checkpoint PD-L1 expression in human and mouse liver cancer cells. Ionizing radiation activated the STING-TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)-interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) innate immune pathway, leading to PD-L1 upregulation in HCC cells and inhibiting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity and protecting tumor cells from immune-mediated eradication. Knockdown of cGAS, STING, TBK1, and IRF3 reversed the antitumor effect of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity after ionizing radiation in vitro or in vivo. RT potentiated the antitumor effect of programmed cell death protein 1 and PD-L1 axis blockade and augmented cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) infiltration in HCC tumors in immunocompetent mice. CD8 depletion compromised the synergetic antitumor effect of combined RT and anti-PD-L1 blockade, demonstrating that CD8+ CTLs are required for antitumor immunity induced by combination therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Our results identified an immune-cloaking mechanism for RT-activated, innate immune cGAS-STING and suggested that RT enhances HCC immunotherapy.

Comparing the efficacy and safety of local-regional treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal/hepatic vein tumor thrombosis in China: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy and safety of different peri-operative regimens using the network meta-analysis for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal/hepatic vein tumor thrombosis. The interested modalities included neoadjuvant three-dimensional radiotherapy (3D-CRT), post-operative intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), post-operative transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), 3DCRT plus TACE and surgery alone. METHODS: PubMed and Cochrane Library electronic databases were systematically searched for eligible studies published up to March 2021. Data related to treatment efficacy including overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were extracted and compared using a Bayesian approach. Adverse events (AEs) were assessed and compared. RESULTS: Five studies published between 2009 and 2021 were enrolled in this network meta-analysis. The comparison showed that surgery with IMRT ranks relatively higher in prolonging OS in advanced HCC patients, followed by neoadjuvant 3DCRT and surgery plus TACE. Neoadjuvant 3DCRT and postoperative IMRT appear to be better choices than 3DCRT plus TACE in terms of OS. IMRT, TACE and neoadjuvant 3DCRT group were all superior to surgery alone in terms of DFS. The rate of AEs did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Adjuvant IMRT showed more favorable treatment responses compared to other regimens in HCC patients as a peri-operative regimen.

Which is the best combination of surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma with hepatic/portal vein thrombosis in China: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy and safety of different perioperative regimens using network meta-analysis for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with hepatic/portal vein thrombosis. The interested modalities included neoadjuvant three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), post-operative intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). post-operative transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and surgery alone. METHODS: PubMed and Cochrane Library electronic databases were systematically searched for eligible studies published up to November 2020. Data related to treatment efficacy including overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS) were extracted and compared using a Bayesian approach. Adverse events (AEs) were assessed and compared. RESULTS: Four studies published between 2005 and 2020 involving a total of 422 patients were enrolled in this network meta-analysis. The comparison showed that surgery with IMRT ranked relatively higher in prolonging OS in advanced HCC patients, followed by neoadjuvant 3DCRT and surgery plus TACE. Postoperative IMRT appeared better choice in terms of DFS. The rate of AEs did not significantly differ. CONCLUSION: Adjuvant IMRT showed more favorable treatment responses compared with other regimens in HCC patients with hepatic/portal vein thrombosis.

Ginsenoside regulates Treg/Th17 cell ratio and inhibits inflammation to treat COPD.

Objective: Several studies have suggested an involvement of the immune system in the occurrence and development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the mechanism is still unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism of ginsenoside in inhibiting inflammation by regulating FOXP3 in COPD. Methods: Eighty COPD patients were selected and 35 healthy people were enrolled in the study to determine clinical efficacy, observation index, and SGRQ scores. Percentage of Treg and Th17 cells were detected by flow cytometry; HE staining was used to detect the effect of ginsenoside therapy on pathological changes of COPD in mice. Additionally, we transfected FOXP3 inhibitor; RT-PCR and western blot were used to detect the inflammation related genes and proteins. Results: The basic information of the patients were comparable. The clinical outcome in the treatment group was better than that in the control group, which indicated that ginsenoside has a certain therapeutic effect on COPD patients. The lung function and 6MWT distance results indicated that ginsenoside could stabilize the clinical symptoms of COPD patients and improve their quality of life. Flow cytometry results showed that ginsenoside can increase Treg expression while reducing Th17 cell expression. RT-PCR and western blot results showed that the expression of TNF-α and IL-17 in the model group was significantly increased after treatment, obviously caused by an increased expression of FOXP3. Conclusion: Ginsenoside can inhibit inflammation in COPD by up-regulating FOXP3.

[Preparation of Tea Waste Biochar and Its Application in Tetracycline Removal from Aqueous Solution].

Tea waste biochar (TWBC) was prepared at 300℃, 500℃, and 700℃ under oxygen-limited atmosphere, and was characterized by elemental analysis, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. TWBC was then used to remove tetracycline from aqueous solution. The influences of solid-to-liquid ratio, pH, ionic types, and strength were investigated. The potential mechanism between tetracycline and TWBC was also explored. The results showed that the proper solid-to-liquid ratio was 4 g·L-1. The pH of the solution had little influence on the removal of tetracycline. The inhibition effects of cation ions on tetracycline follows Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ > Na+. The NH4+ in the solution can slightly promote the adsorption of tetracycline by TWBC700. However, the existence of Cu can decrease the adsorption effect of tetracycline by TWBC700. Increasing temperature can improve the adsorption effect of tetracycline by TWBC700. The pseudo-second-order and Langmuir model can well fit the adsorption process of tetracycline onto TWBC. The adsorption capacity of tetracycline by TWBC was TWBC700 > TWBC500 > TWBC300. The mechanisms of tetracycline by TWBC referred to the pore-filling effect, hydrogen binding, and π-π interaction. Therefore, high-temperature TWBC has the potential to act as an adsorbent for removing tetracycline from wastewater.

Lymphopenia Is Associated with Gross Target Volumes and Fractions in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients Treated with External Beam Radiation Therapy and Also Indicates Worse Overall Survival.

Purpose: To investigate whether lymphocyte nadir induced by radiation is associated with survival and explore its underlying risk factors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: Total lymphocyte counts were collected from 184 HCC patients treated by radiotherapy (RT) with complete follow-up. Associations between gross tumor volumes (GTVs) and radiation-associated parameters with lymphocyte nadir were evaluated by Pearson/Spearman correlation analysis and multiple linear regression. Kaplan-Meier analysis, log-rank test, as well as univariate and multivariate Cox regression were performed to assess the relationship between lymphocyte nadir and overall survival (OS). Results: GTVs and fractions were negatively related with lymphocyte nadir (p < 0.001 and p=0.001, respectively). Lymphocyte nadir and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage were independent prognostic factors predicting OS of HCC patients (all p < 0.001). Patients in the GTV ≤55.0 cc and fractions ≤16 groups were stratified by lymphocyte nadir, and the group with the higher lymphocyte counts (LCs) showed longer survival than the group with lower LCs (p < 0.001 and p=0.006, respectively). Patient distribution significantly differed among the RT fraction groups according to BCLC stage (p < 0.001). However, stratification of patients in the same BCLC stage by RT fractionation showed that the stereotactic body RT (SBRT) group achieved the best survival. Furthermore, there were significant differences in lymphocyte nadir among patients in the SBRT group. Conclusions: A lower lymphocyte nadir during RT was associated with worse survival among HCC patients. Smaller GTVs and fractions reduced the risk of lymphopenia.

[Trait-based responses and adaptation of Artemisia sacrorum to environmental changes].

The paper focused on Artemisia sacrorum in the stable natural plant community in three vegetation zones (forest, forest steppe and steppe) in the Yanhe River catchment. The following plant functional traits were measured at each sample site, i.e., specific leaf area (SLA), leaf tissue density (LTD), leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC), leaf phosphorus concentration (LPC), leaf nitrogen phosphorus ratio (LNP), specific root length (SRL), root tissue density (RTD), root nitrogen concentration (RNC), root phosphorus concentration (RPC) and root nitrogen phosphorus ratio (RNP). These 10 plant functional traits were chosen because they were easily measurable and adequately reflected plant survival strategies. We analyzed intraspecific differences in A. sacrorum functional traits in the different habitat zones, and the influence of climate and terrain factors on A. sacrorum functional traits. We also studied the relationships among A. sacrorum plant functional traits. The results showed that some A. sacrorum functional traits were significantly different among sample sites, such as LPC, LNP, SRL, RTD and RNP, while the other 5 functional traits had no significant differences. The functional traits were not significantly different between sites with different slopes and aspects. SLA was very significantly negatively correlated with LTD, SRL was significantly negatively correlated with RTD and RNP, RTD was significantly positively correlated with RNC and RNP, and there were no significant relationships among LTD, LNC and LNP and the other functional traits. This showed that A. sacrorum adapted to the environment by coordinating adjustment among leaf and root functional traits. Different climate factors had different effects on plant traits, with the effects of mean annual precipitation > mean annual temperature > annual average evaporation capacity.

Comparison of two fluid solutions for resuscitation in a rabbit model of crush syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Crush syndrome is a common injury, the main characteristics of which include acute kidney injury. However, there is still lack of reliable animal model of crush syndrome, and it also remains controversial as to which type of fluid should be chosen as a more appropriate treatment option for prevention and treatment of acute kidney injury. METHODS: The rabbits were crushed at the lower limbs for 6 h with 36 times the body weight, which means the pressure of each leg was also 36 times the body weight. Fluid resuscitation was performed from 1 h prior to the end of the crush treatment until 24 h after the reperfusion. Tissue, blood and urine samples were collected at predetermined time points before and after reperfusion. Twelve rabbits in each group were taken for survival observation for 72 h. RESULTS: The model group showed elevated serum creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and K(+) level, reduced serum Ca(2+) level and Na(+) level, and increased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and kidney injury molecule-1 (p < 0.05). The 0.9 % normal saline (SAL) group and SAL plus 6 % hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 SAL/HES group showed reduced serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels (p < 0.05). The SAL/HES group also showed reduced serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels (p < 0.05). The 72 h survival rate of the SAL/HES group was higher than that of the model group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The rabbit model of crush syndrome showed clinical features consistent with those of crush syndrome. There was no significant difference in the ability of preventing AKI after a crush injury between the two fluid solutions, while SAL/HES can improve the survival rate.

In-situ determination of metallic variation and multi-association in single particles by combining synchrotron microprobe, sequential chemical extraction and multivariate statistical analysis.

Due to the heterogeneity of metal distribution, it is challenging to identify the speciation, source and fate of metals in solid samples at micro scales. To overcome these challenges single particles of air pollution control residues were detected in situ by synchrotron microprobe after each step of chemical extraction and analyzed by multivariate statistical analysis. Results showed that Pb, Cu and Zn co-existed as acid soluble fractions during chemical extraction, regardless of their individual distribution as chlorides or oxides in the raw particles. Besides the forms of Fe2O3, MnO2 and FeCr2O4, Fe, Mn, Cr and Ni were closely associated with each other, mainly as reducible fractions. In addition, the two groups of metals had interrelations with the Si-containing insoluble matrix. The binding could not be directly detected by micro-X-ray diffraction (µ-XRD) and XRD, suggesting their partial existence as amorphous forms or in the solid solution. The combined method on single particles can effectively determine metallic multi-associations and various extraction behaviors that could not be identified by XRD, µ-XRD or X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The results are useful for further source identification and migration tracing of heavy metals.

Effects of compound Shenhua tablet on renal tubular Na+-K+-ATPase in rats with acute ischemic reperfusion injury.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Compound Shenhua Tablet (, SHT) on the sodium-potassium- exchanging adenosinetriphosphatase (Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase) in the renal tubular epithelial cells of rats with acute ischemic reperfusion and to investigate the mechanisms underlying the effects of SHT on renal ischemic reperfusion injury (RIRI). METHODS: Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the sham surgery group, model group, astragaloside group [150 mg/(kg·d)], SHT low-dose group [1.5 g/(kg·d)] and SHT high-dose group [3.0 g/(kg·d)], with 10 rats in each group. After 1 week of continuous intragastric drug administration, surgery was performed to establish the model. At either 24 or 72 h after the surgery, 5 rats in each group were sacrificed, blood biochemistry, renal pathology, immunoblot and immunohistochemical examinations were performed, and double immunofluorescence staining was observed under a laser confocal microscope. RESULTS: Compared with the sham surgery group, the serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were significantly increased, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase protein level was decreased, and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) protein level was increased in the model group after the surgery (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the SCr, BUN, pathological scores, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, and the KIM-1 protein level of the three treatment groups were significantly improved at 72 h after the surgery (P<0.05 or P<0.01). And the SCr, BUN of the SHT low- and high-dose groups, and the pathological scores of the SHT high-dose group were significantly lower than those of the astragaloside group (P<0.05). The localizations of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase and megalin of the model group were disrupted, with the distribution areas overlapping with each other and alternately arranged. The severity of the disruption was slightly milder in three treatment groups compared with that of the model group. The results of immunofluorescence staining showed that the SHT high-dose group had a superior effect as compared with the astragaloside group and the SHT low-dose group. CONCLUSIONS: The SHT effectively alleviated RIRI caused by ischemic reperfusion, promoted the recovery of the polarity of renal tubular epithelial cells, and protected the renal tubules. The therapeutic effects of SHT were superior to those of astragaloside as a single agent.

[Responses of plant functional traits to micro-topographical changes in hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau, China].

Plant functional traits are closely tied to the performance of plants in specific microenvironments, and reflect their ability to adapt to those microenvironments. In areas with complex topography, analyzing the responses of plant functional traits to microtopographical changes is crucial to understanding the adaptive strategies of plants in diverse environments. This paper analyzed fluctuations in soil nutrients as well as correlations between plant functional traits and changes in topography at the family and community levels in selected natural vegetation communities in the foreststeppe zone of the loess hilly and gully region in Loess Plateau of China. Significant differences in plant functional traits were primarily driven by the phylogenetic background or species composition of the community. Slope aspect exerted less impact while slope positions had no significant effect on plant traits at the community level. No significant changes in plant functional traits were observed with changes in topography at the community level. However, leaf nitrogen and root nitrogen contents of Leguminous and Compositae species differed significantly With slope positions. The root tissue density of Graminaceous species differed significantly with slope positions. Root density exhibited significant positive correlations with soil nutrient and carbon contents at the community level. Both leaf nitrogen and root nitrogen contents of Leguminous species were positively correlated with soil phosphorus content, while leaf nitrogen and root nitrogen contents of both Graminaceous and Compositae species were significantly positively related to soil nitrogen content. The results demonstrate the different responses of species of different families to changes in micro-topography and their distinctive adaptive strategies to the environment.