RESUMO
A feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary vitamin E (DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, dl-alpha-TOA) requirement and its effect on the non-specific immune responses of juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Purified diets with eight levels (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 400 mg vitamin E kg diet-1) of supplemental dl-alpha-TOA were fed to P. monodon (mean initial weight 0.29 +/- 0.01 g) for eight weeks. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of shrimp. Weight gains and total haemocyte count (THC) were higher (P < 0.05) in shrimp fed diets supplemented with 75 and 100 mg vitamin E kg diet-1 than in shrimp fed diets supplemented with = 50 mg vitamin E kg diet-1. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was higher in shrimp fed diets supplemented with 50-200 mg vitamin E kg diet-1 than in shrimp fed diets supplemented with = 25 and 400 mg vitamin E kg diet-1. Vitamin E concentrations in the hepatopancreas and muscle of the shrimp were increased as the dietary vitamin E supplementation level was increased up to 200 mg vitamin E kg diet-1. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values in the hepatopancreas and muscle were generally decreased as the dietary vitamin E supplementation level increased. Analysis by polynomial regression of weight gain, THC and hepatopancreatic vitamin E concentration of the shrimp indicated that a level of 85-89 mg vitamin E kg diet-1 is required for maximal growth and non-specific immune responses of P. monodon and that 179 mg vitamin E kg diet-1 is required to maximise tissue vitamin E concentration.
Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Penaeidae/fisiologia , Vitamina E/farmacologia , Análise de Variância , Animais , Peso Corporal , Dieta , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Hemócitos , Hepatopâncreas/metabolismo , Imunidade Inata/imunologia , Músculos/metabolismo , Necessidades Nutricionais , Penaeidae/imunologia , Análise de Regressão , Superóxido Dismutase , Tiobarbitúricos , Vitamina E/imunologia , Vitamina E/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
Two 8-week feeding trials were conducted to determine the dietary Na requirement for juvenile hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus) reared in fresh water and seawater. In each experiment, NaCl was added to the basal diet at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, or 7 g Na/kg diet (fresh water) and at 0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1.2, 1.5, 2, or 3 g Na/kg diet (seawater). Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of fish, individual fish initially weighing 0.69 (se 0.01) g, in a closed, recirculating rearing system. In fresh water, the tilapia fed the diet supplemented with 2 g Na/kg diet had significantly (P<0.05) greater weight gain than the fish fed the diets supplemented with >/=3 and =0.5 g Na/kg diet. Feed efficiency (FE) in fish generally followed the weight-gain pattern. Gill Na(+)-K(+) ATPase activity was highest in the fish fed the diets supplemented with 1-3 g Na/kg diet, followed by the fish fed the diet with 7 g Na/kg diet and lowest in the fish fed the unsupplemented control diet. In seawater, the weight gain, FE and gill Na(+)-K(+) ATPase activity in fish were not affected by the dietary treatment. Analysis by polynomial regression of weight gain, by broken-line regression of gill Na(+)-K(+) ATPase activity and by linear regression of whole-body Na retention of the fish reared in fresh water, indicated that the adequate dietary Na concentration for tilapia is about 1.5 g/kg diet. The present study also suggests that no dietary Na is required for tilapia reared in seawater.
Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Água Doce , Água do Mar , Sódio na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Tilápia/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Análise de Variância , Animais , Dieta , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Pesqueiros , Brânquias/enzimologia , Masculino , Sódio na Dieta/farmacologia , ATPase Trocadora de Sódio-Potássio/metabolismo , Taxa de Sobrevida , Tilápia/metabolismo , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Effects of dietary vitamin C (l-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate-Mg, C2MP-Mg) on growth, tissue copper (Cu) accumulation, and haemocyte superoxide anion production of juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon, fed with either adequate or high (8 x adequate) dietary Cu were studied. Three experimental diets were used: basal diet supplemented with adequate levels of both C2MP-Mg (40 mg kg diet(-1)) and Cu (20mg kg diet(-1)) (NC-NCu); basal diet supplemented with adequate C2MP-Mg and high Cu (8 x adequate) (NC-HCu); and basal diet supplemented with high C2MP-Mg (5 x adequate) and high Cu (HC-HCu). These were each fed to triplicate groups of shrimp (mean initial weight: 0.29+/-0.01 g) for 8 weeks. Highest (P< 0.01) weight gain, feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were observed in shrimp fed NC-NCu diet, intermediate in shrimp fed HC-HCu diet, and lowest in shrimp fed NC-HCu diet. Cu concentrations in hepatopancreas, muscle and haemolymph were highest in shrimp fed NC-HCu diet, followed by shrimp fed HC-HCu diet, and lowest for shrimp fed NC-NCu diet. Survival, total haemocyte count (THC) and intracellular superoxide anion (O-2) production were higher in shrimp fed NC-NCu diet than shrimp fed NC-HCu diet, whereas hepatosomatic index (HSI) was higher in shrimp fed NC-HCu diet than shrimp fed NC-NCu diet. However, all these parameters were similar in shrimp fed NC-NCu diet and shrimp fed HC-HCu diet. These data suggest that increase of dietary vitamin C improved haemocyte respiratory burst response and growth and prevented tissue Cu accumulation in P. monodon fed with high dietary Cu.
Assuntos
Ácido Ascórbico/administração & dosagem , Cobre/administração & dosagem , Hemolinfa/fisiologia , Penaeidae/imunologia , Animais , Ácido Ascórbico/imunologia , Ácido Ascórbico/metabolismo , Peso Corporal , Cobre/imunologia , Cobre/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinária , Hemolinfa/efeitos dos fármacos , Hemolinfa/imunologia , Hemolinfa/metabolismo , Penaeidae/metabolismo , Distribuição Aleatória , Explosão Respiratória/efeitos dos fármacos , Superóxidos/imunologia , Superóxidos/metabolismoRESUMO
Two growth experiments were conducted to estimate the minimum dietary iron requirement for juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus. Purified diets containing 0, 10, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 400 mg Fe/kg from ferric citrate (Experiment 1) and 0, 10, 30, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg Fe/kg from ferrous sulfate (Experiment 2) were fed to tilapia (mean initial weight: 0.63 +/- 0.01 g, Experiment 1; 0.64 +/- 0.01 g, Experiment 2) for 8 wk. In Experiment 2, 150 mg Fe/kg from ferric citrate was also included for comparison. The rearing water contained 1.07 micro mol/L iron, and supplemental levels were confirmed by analysis. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of fish. In Experiment 1, weight gain and feed efficiency (FE) were highest (P < 0.05) in fish fed the diet supplemented with 150 mg Fe/kg, followed by fish fed diets with 50, 100 and 200 mg Fe/kg and lowest in fish fed the unsupplemented control diet. Hepatic iron concentration was highest in fish fed diets supplemented with >150 mg Fe/kg, followed by fish fed the diet with 100 mg Fe/kg and lowest in fish fed diets with =10 mg Fe/kg. Hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) were higher in fish fed diets with >/=100 mg Fe/kg and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were higher in fish fed diets with >/=150 mg Fe/kg than in fish fed the diet without iron supplementation. In Experiment 2, weight gain was higher in fish fed the diet with 50 mg Fe/kg than in fish fed diets with 150, 200 and =30 mg Fe/kg. FE was higher in fish fed diets with 50 and 100 mg Fe/kg and the ferric citrate comparison diet than in fish fed diets with =10 mg Fe/kg. Hepatic iron concentration was higher in fish fed diets with >/=50 mg Fe/kg and the ferric citrate comparison diet than fish fed diets with =30 mg Fe/kg. Hb, Hct, MCV and MCH were higher in fish fed diets with >/=50 mg Fe/kg than in fish fed the unsupplemented control diet. Analyses by polynomial regression of weight gain and by broken-line regression of hepatic iron and blood Hb concentrations indicated that the dietary iron requirement for tilapia is approximately 150-160 mg Fe/kg and 85 mg Fe/kg with ferric citrate and ferrous sulfate as the iron source, respectively; it also appears that ferric citrate was approximately 50% as effective as ferrous sulfate in meeting the iron requirement.
Assuntos
Compostos Férricos/farmacologia , Compostos Ferrosos/farmacologia , Ferro/sangue , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Dieta , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Compostos Férricos/administração & dosagem , Compostos Ferrosos/administração & dosagem , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Necessidades Nutricionais , TilápiaRESUMO
An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary copper (Cu) requirement and its effect on the non-specific immune responses of juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Purified diets with seven levels (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 80, 160 mg Cu kg diet(-1) of supplemental Cu were fed to P. monodon (mean initial weight 0.29 +/- 0.004 g). Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of shrimp. The rearing water contained 1.53 microg Cu 1(-1). Shrimp fed diets supplemented with 10 and 20 mg Cu kg diet(-1) had significantly (P < 0.01) greater weight gain, feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than those fed the unsupplemented control diet and diets supplemented with > or = 40 mg Cu kg diet(-1). Whole body Cu concentration in shrimp generally increased as dietary Cu supplementation increased. Total haemocyte count (THC) was higher in shrimp fed diets supplemented with 10-30 mg Cu kg diet(-1) than shrimp fed the unsupplemented control diet and diets supplemented with > or = 40 mg Cu kg diet(-1). Intracellular superoxide anion (O2-) production ratios were significantly higher in shrimp fed diets supplemented with 10-30 mg Cu kg diet(-1) than shrimp fed the diet supplemented with 160 mg Cu kg diet(-1). Analysis by polynomial regression of weight gain percent, FE and by linear regression of the whole-body Cu retention of shrimp indicated that the adequate dietary Cu concentration in growing P. monodon is about 15-21 mg Cu kg diet (-1). The immune indicators suggest that an adequate dietary Cu concentration for non-specific immune responses in P. monodon is about 10-30 mg Cu kg diet(-1).
Assuntos
Cobre/administração & dosagem , Penaeidae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Penaeidae/imunologia , Superóxidos/metabolismo , Ração Animal , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Contagem de Células Sanguíneas/veterinária , Contagem de Células/veterinária , Cobre/farmacocinética , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Hemócitos/imunologia , Necessidades Nutricionais , Penaeidae/metabolismo , Distribuição Aleatória , Distribuição Tecidual , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Effects of L-ascorbic acid (AA) and its four derivatives, namely L-ascorbyl-2-sulfate (C2S), L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (C2PP), L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate-Na (C2MP-Na) and L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate-Mg (C2MP-Mg) on the immune responses of juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon, were studied. The vitamin C deprived diet together with diets supplemented with either adequate or high (five times adequate) levels of AA, C2S, C2PP, C2MP-Na and C2MP-Mg were each fed to triplicate groups of shrimp (mean initial weight: 0.37 +/- 0.01 g) for 8 weeks. Significantly (P<0.01) higher weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE), survival, total haemocyte count (THC), superoxide anion (O2) production ratio and phenoloxidase (PO) activity were observed in shrimp fed diets supplemented with adequate and high levels of ascorbate than shrimp fed the vitamin C deprived diet, regardless of the ascorbate source. Among the ascorbate sources, shrimp fed C2MP-Mg and C2PP containing diets had higher THC than shrimp fed AA, C2S and C2MP-Na containing diets, regardless of the supplementation level. Shrimp fed adequate levels of C2MP-Mg and C2PP and high levels of C2MP-Mg containing diets had higher O2 production ratios than shrimp fed AA and C2S containing diets. Shrimp fed adequate levels of C2MP-Mg and C2PP and high levels of C2PP containing diets had higher PO activity than shrimp fed AA, C2S and C2MP-Na containing diets. These data suggest that dietary ascorbate enhances immune responses in P. monodon and different ascorbate sources may affect the immune responses differently.