Association between dietary variety status and sarcopenia as defined by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 consensus in older outpatients at a hospital specializing in geriatric medicine: A cross­sectional study with baseline data of prospective cohort study (JUSTICE­TOKYO study).

To the best of our knowledge, little is known about the association between dietary variety status and sarcopenia in university-affiliated geriatric hospital in elderly. The present study aimed to investigate, in a multidisciplinary setting, the prevalence of sarcopenia and association between dietary variety status and sarcopenia in older outpatients at Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center (Tokyo, Japan). Between October 2020 and December 2021, a cross-sectional study of outpatients aged ≥65 years [458 male (44%) and 584 female (56%); mean age, 78.2±6.1 years] was conducted to assess prevalence of sarcopenia, according to Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 criteria, and the relationship between dietary variety status and sarcopenia. Patient profile, comorbidities, drug use, neuropsychological data, abdominal symptoms, pulmonary function and dietary variety status were collected. Of 1,042 subjects, there were 223 (21.4%) with [142 male (63.7%) and 81 female (36.3%); mean age, 80.6±6.3 years] and 819 (78.6%) without sarcopenia [316 male (38.6%) and 503 female (61.4%); mean age, 77.6±5.8]. In multivariate analysis, older age, male sex, low body mass index, high Brinkman Index and phase angle, low quality of life, history of daycare use, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis and low Mini-Mental State Examination and Dietary Variety Score were related to sarcopenia. The prevalence of sarcopenia was higher in than in community-dwelling individuals. Dietary variety status was associated with sarcopenia.

Differential effects of acute exercise on emotional memory in men and women.

Exercise may change emotional memory, which is associated with the induction of mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. This effect of exercise may be influenced by exercise-induced cortisol release. Depending on sex, cortisol exerts differential effects on emotional memory consolidation. However, whether acute exercise and exercise-induced cortisol release have sex-dependent effects on emotional memory has not been established. Therefore, first, we aimed to determine the effects of acute exercise on emotional memory, separately for men and women, in a within-subjects design. Second, we aimed to examine whether the effects of acute exercise on emotional memory are related to the effects of exercise-induced cortisol release, separately for men and women. Sixteen healthy men and 15 healthy women were presented with positive and negative emotional images, followed by either rest or a vigorous-intensity cycling exercise condition using a within-subjects design on separate days. Salivary cortisol was measured before presenting the emotional images presentation and 20 min after each intervention. Emotional memory was assessed two days later. Vigorous-intensity exercise decreased emotional memory in women, whereas there was no change in men after rest or exercise. Cortisol levels increased after exercise intervention in both men and women, although there was no association between cortisol levels and emotional memory. These findings demonstrate that the effect of a single bout of vigorous-intensity exercise on emotional memory differs between men and women and is associated with decreased emotional memory in women.

Dietary Intake in Older Patients with Dementia Prior to and After the Onset of Coronavirus Disease 2019.

This was an observational study of hospitalized patients with dementia who developed COVID-19. The disease course, dietary intake, and disease severity (mild/severe) were evaluated. Twenty-nine patients with a median age of 84 years, with both mild (18) and severe conditions, (11) were evaluated. Mild group had decreased food intake from the day of symptom onset. In the severe group, the decline began the day before symptom onset. On day 30 of the disease, the median food intake of the mild group returned to levels observed prior to symptom onset, in contrast to those in the severe group.

A Pilot Study on Cerebral Blood Flow and Mini-Mental State Examination to Predict Amyloid Deposition in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease.

Background: Earlier differential diagnosis of dementia remains a major challenge. Although amyloid deposition by positron emission tomography is an emerging standard for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, it is too expensive for routine use in clinical settings. We conducted a pilot study on the potential usefulness of single-photon emission computed tomography and the Mini-Mental State Examination to predict amyloid positron emission tomography positivity in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Methods: Eighteen subjects, including 11 with mild cognitive impairment and 7 with subjective cognitive decline, underwent 18F-florbetapir positron emission tomography, 99mTc-ethylcysteinate dimer cerebral perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography, and the Mini-Mental State Examination. For the assessment of amyloid deposition, visual judgment as a qualitative method and a semiautomatic software analysis as a quantitative method were used. Results: Six subjects were judged as amyloid positive, including 4 mild cognitive impairment and 2 subjective cognitive decline subjects. Compared to the amyloid positron emission tomography-negative group, this group showed a statistically significant difference in the Mini-Mental State Examination recall score [2 (1 : 3) vs. 3 (2 : 3), P = .041] and single-photon emission computed tomography findings from the amyloid-negative group. In the mild cognitive impairment subgroup, correlations were found between amyloid deposition and single-photon emission computed tomography indicators, while in the subjective cognitive decline subgroup, only the Mini-Mental State Examination recall score correlated with amyloid deposition. Conclusion: The Mini-Mental State Examination recall score and single-photon emission computed tomography indicators may be worthwhile for further evaluation as predictors of amyloid deposition in the preclinical stage.

Development of informant-reported or self-reported MCI-J questionnaire.

Several studies have reported a high prevalence of missed and delayed mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or mild dementia diagnosis, which could lead to delayed treatment and increased patient and caregiver burden. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to develop a new questionnaire for nonprofessionals to help detect early signs of MCI and dementia. Respondents included patients, family caregivers, or health professionals. Scores are calculated based on the respondent type and age of subject. METHODS: This study consisted of four steps and included 461 respondents. Steps 1-3 were conducted by a working group, and step 4, by 67 specialist members of the Japanese Society of Geriatric Psychiatry. A scoring algorithm was created and predictive diagnostic probability was analyzed using misdiscrimination rate and cross-validation after item selection to establish a cut-off value for MCI or dementia symptoms. Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia were diagnosed. RESULTS: The prediction error rate for patient or informant respondents was confirmed from the evaluation results of 13 items. Sensitivity and specificity were 90.6% and 56.6%, respectively, with a cut-off score of 2. Overall, 82% (61 pairs) of respondents received a definitive diagnosis following a diagnosis from the questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: This questionnaire could promote earlier presentation to clinical settings for treatment. The high sensitivity indicates the utility of this instrument, but it is not meant as a definitive diagnostic tool and should be followed with a professional assessment.

High Organization-Based Self-Esteem Is Associated With Lower Risk of Depressive Symptoms Among University Athletes.

As depressive symptoms can impair athletes' healthy competitive life and lead to a decline in performance, it is necessary to identify and prevent these symptoms. Organization-based self-esteem is one of the factors that influence the mental health of the members of an organization. It has been found that employees with high organization-based self-esteem have good mental health. However, the relationship between organization-based self-esteem and mental health has not yet been investigated in athletes. Therefore, we aimed to develop an organization-based self-esteem scale for university athletes (Study I) and investigate the relationship between organization-based self-esteem and depressive symptoms (Study II). Study I included subsample A: 210 university athletes (average age 19.6 ± 0.64 years) and subsample B: 371 university athletes (average age 19.4 ± 0.90), who responded to the newly developed Organization-Based Self-Esteem Scale for University Athletes (OBSE-UA), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Sports Commitment Scale. To confirm the reliability of the developed scale, 2 weeks later they responded to the OBSE-UA again. In Study II, the participants were 232 university athletes (average age 19.5 ± 1.10 years), who completed the OBSE-UA developed in Study I and the Self-Rating Depression Scale. In Study I, we extracted a one-factor structure with six items for the OBSE-UA using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Sufficient validity and reliability were confirmed by examining the relationship between organization-based self-esteem and sports commitment scale and retest methods, respectively. In Study II, athletes with high organization-based self-esteem showed a 0.33 time lower risk of experiencing depressive symptoms, compared to athletes with low organization-based self-esteem.

Brexpiprazole-Associated Pisa Syndrome (Pleurothotonus) in a Patient With Dementia.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of the study were to report brexpiprazole-induced Pisa syndrome (PS) in a patient with Alzheimer disease and to discuss the pathophysiology and the treatment of PS. METHODS: We report a 71-year-old female patient with Alzheimer disease. After 2 months medication of brexpiprazole, she presented PS. By switching to quetiapine, the symptom was ameliorated; however, transient acute dystonia was occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Drug-induced PS may be associated with dopamine-acetylcholine imbalance. This imbalance causes the dysfunction of the cortex and basal ganglia and the dysfunction of sensory and somatosensory system. Stopping the offending drugs is a choice for the treatment of PS. This is the first report of PS-induced brexpiprazole.

Exploring the Objective Signs of Imminent Suicide Risk in Psychiatric In-patients.

Objective: This study retrospectively explores the objective signs of imminent suicide risk in psychiatric in-patients. Design: The study analysed the diagnostic and nursing records of a psychiatric hospital that covered the last 14 days before the suicide attempts of 18 people, who, between March 2008 and July 2019, were found to have died by suicide during their hospital stay. Methods: Three professionals used a fishbone diagram to separately identify the factors that led to each person's suicide, the objective signs that indicated imminent suicide risk, possible preventive strategies, and other observations. They compared their findings and used the KJ method (Kawakita Jiro Method) to categorise the items on which they all agreed. Results: Objective signs of imminent suicide risk were condensed into five categories: 'signs emanating from the patient', 'signs gleaned through engagement', 'signs from response to treatment', 'signs associated with reports from the family', and 'signs inferred from multiple sources of information'. Five categories describing issues with the way in which the hospital staff handled information were extracted, namely 'omission in diagnostic records during admission', 'omission in conference records', 'communication lapse during transfer', 'need for integrated information', and 'systemic issues'. Conclusions: The findings offer insights on assessing suicide risk and preventing suicide.

Seroprevalence of anti-mumps virus IgG antibody titer and voluntary mumps vaccination coverage in young adults in Japan.

In Japan, monovalent vaccine against mumps virus (MuV) infection was shifted to a voluntary basis vaccination due to the incidences of aseptic meningitis in the past. According to an analysis of a total of 409 participants aged 18-20 years, overall vaccination coverage rate was 48%. The mean anti-MuV IgG antibody titer of participants with medical history and more than two times vaccination was significantly higher than that in those without a medical history and unvaccinated and single vaccination, respectively. Seropositivity against MuV infection was >50% regardless of the number of vaccinations. Although these results suggest that seropositivity may persist due to asymptomatic infection, it is necessary to implement either a high vaccine coverage or routine vaccination for prevention of periodic mumps epidemics.

Persistence of Anti-Rubella Immunoglobulin G Antibody Titers in Young Adults Involved in a Short-Term Periodic Immunization in Japan.

In Japan, several rubella outbreaks in adults have erupted due to insufficient immunity against rubella virus (RUBV). Although selective immunization is being promoted along with routine rubella vaccination as its eradication strategy, serosurveillance against RUBV needs to be implemented in the generations corresponding to the vaccination transition period. In this study, a survey of anti-rubella immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titers was conducted among young adults involved in the transitional periods of the routine rubella vaccination program. Specifically, serosurveillance was performed in 370 healthy young adults aged 18-20 years, wherein their serum samples were analyzed using an enzyme immunoassay to determine rubella-specific IgG antibody titers. Although multiple regression analysis revealed significant differences only in medical history, more than 90% of participants exhibited seropositivity, excluding those who received a single-dose vaccine alone. Based on elapsed periods after the last vaccination, rubella-specific IgG antibody titers in less than a 6-year period were higher than those in more than a 10-year period. Although almost all study participants in the transitional period had seropositivity, the results may indicate that this persistence is related to past rubella outbreaks.

A Survey of Vaccine-Induced Measles IgG Antibody Titer to Verify Temporal Changes in Response to Measles Vaccination in Young Adults.

In Japan, sporadic measles cases increased rapidly in 2019 compared to the past six years. To clarify the persistence of immunity against measles in young adults, this study explored the persistence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titers against the measles virus in 17- to 24-year-old young participants who reside in the Chiba prefecture of Japan. Measles-specific IgG antibody titers, determined by enzyme immunoassay in serum samples collected from 506 participants, were assessed through statistical analyses. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that the distribution of measles IgG antibody titers was significantly correlated with a medical history of measles (P < 0.05), while there was no significant correlation between the number of vaccinations related to measles IgG titers. Furthermore, measles IgG titers tended to decrease, as revealed by the temporal change in IgG titers, during the elapsed period after the last vaccination (P = 0.08). These results indicate that periodic vaccination against measles is required to prevent sporadic measles infection in young and older adults.

Impact of anti-doping education and doping control experience on anti-doping knowledge in Japanese university athletes: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to elucidate the anti-doping (AD) education, doping control experience, and AD knowledge according to the World Anti-doping Code (Code) of Japanese university athletes. METHODS: We collected data from 514 male athletes (Mage = 19.53 years, SD = 1.13) and 629 female athletes (Mage = 20.99 years, SD = 1.07). We asked them about their experience undergoing doping control and the AD education they had received. Then, we assessed their AD knowledge using the World Anti-Doping Agency's Athlete Learning Program about Health and AD (ALPHA) test. RESULTS: The results showed that 2.54% of the participants had undergone doping control. Further, 30.10% received AD education at least once, and 20.82% received AD education more than once. When comparing the ALPHA scores of athletes with/without doping test experience, we observed no significant difference. However, the ALPHA scores of athletes with/without AD education were significantly different; specifically, athletes who received AD education more than once had significantly higher ALPHA scores than non-educated athletes. CONCLUSION: These results revealed that doping control experience was not related to AD knowledge and that AD education was associated with AD knowledge, suggesting that athletes who receive AD education more than once have more accurate AD knowledge than less educated athletes on this topic. The importance of AD education in promoting understanding of AD according to the Code in sports is highlighted in this study.

High doses of antipsychotic polypharmacy are related to an increase in serum levels of pentosidine in patients with schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Carbonyl stress in patients with schizophrenia has been reported to be reflected by an increase in peripheral pentosidine levels. This cohort study tested whether the accumulation of pentosidine was related to the disease severity or the treatment (routine administration of high antipsychotic doses). METHODS: We followed up our original investigation using a new group of 137 patients with acute schizophrenia and 45 healthy subjects, and then pooled the two cohorts to conduct the following analysis on a total of 274 patients. The associations of serum pentosidine and pyridoxal levels with duration of education, estimated duration of medication, the severity of symptoms, and daily doses of antipsychotics, antiparkinsonian drugs, and anxiolytics were evaluated by multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The combined cohort of 274 patients exhibited abnormally high serum levels of pentosidine, were associated with a higher daily dose of antipsychotic drugs and a longer estimated duration of medication without statistical significance of diagnosis. This was also observed in the patients treated with antipsychotic polypharmacy, but the serum pentosidine levels of patients treated with first- or second-generation antipsychotic monotherapy showed no relationship with these two variables. CONCLUSION: High levels of serum pentosidine were associated with high daily doses of antipsychotic drugs and a longer estimated duration of medication in patients treated with antipsychotic polypharmacy.

High serum soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 predicts poor treatment response in acute-stage schizophrenia.

Inflammation may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, few cross-sectional or longitudinal studies have examined changes in biomarker expression to evaluate diagnostic and prognostic efficacy in acute-stage schizophrenia. We compared serum inflammatory biomarker concentrations in 87 patients with acute-stage schizophrenia on admission to 105 age-, sex-, and body mass index (BMI)-matched healthy controls. The measured biomarkers were soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNFR1) and adiponectin, which are associated with inflammatory responses, and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), which has anti-inflammatory properties. We then investigated biomarker concentrations and associations with clinical factors in 213 patients (including 42 medication-free patients) and 110 unmatched healthy controls to model conditions typical of clinical practice. Clinical symptoms were assessed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and Global Assessment of Function. In 121 patients, biomarker levels and clinical status were evaluated at both admission and discharge. Serum sTNFR1 was significantly higher in patients with acute-stage schizophrenia compared to matched controls while no significant group differences were observed for the other markers. Serum sTNFR1 was also significantly higher in the 213 patients compared to unmatched controls. The 42 unmedicated patients had significantly lower PEDF levels compared to controls. Between admission and discharge, sTNFR1 levels decreased significantly; however, biomarker changes did not correlate with clinical symptoms. The discriminant accuracy of sTNFR1 was 93.2% between controls and patients, showing no symptom improvement during care. Inflammation and a low-level anti-inflammatory state may be involved in both schizophrenia pathogenesis and acute-stage onset. High serum sTNFR1 in the acute stage could be a useful prognostic biomarker for treatment response in clinical practice.

Genetic association between RAGE polymorphisms and Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body dementias in a Japanese cohort: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Interaction of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) with amyloid-ß increases amplification of oxidative stress and plays pathological roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Oxidative stress leads to α-synuclein aggregation and is also a major contributing factor in the pathogenesis of Lewy body dementias (LBDs). Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether RAGE gene polymorphisms were associated with AD and LBDs. METHODS: Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)-rs1800624, rs1800625, rs184003, and rs2070600-of the gene were analyzed using a case-control study design comprising 288 AD patients, 76 LBDs patients, and 105 age-matched controls. RESULTS: Linkage disequilibrium (LD) examination showed strong LD from rs1800624 to rs2070600 on the gene (1.1 kb) in our cases in Japan. Rs184003 was associated with an increased risk of AD. Although there were no statistical associations for the other three SNPs, haplotypic analyses detected genetic associations between AD and the RAGE gene. Although relatively few cases were studied, results from the SNPs showed that they did not modify the risk of developing LBDs in the Japanese population. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggested that polymorphisms in the RAGE gene are involved in genetic susceptibility to AD. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Usefulness of DNA Methylation Levels in COASY and SPINT1 Gene Promoter Regions as Biomarkers in Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease and Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment.

In order to conduct early therapeutic interventions for Alzheimer's disease (AD), convenient, early diagnosis markers are required. We previously reported that changes in DNA methylation levels were associated with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and AD. As the results suggested changes in DNA methylation levels in the COASY and SPINT1 gene promoter regions, in the present study we examined DNA methylation in these regions in normal controls (NCs, n = 30), aMCI subjects (n = 28) and AD subjects (n = 30) using methylation-sensitive high resolution melting (MS-HRM) analysis. The results indicated that DNA methylation in the two regions was significantly increased in AD and aMCI as compared to NCs (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, ANOVA). Further analysis suggested that DNA methylation in the COASY gene promoter region in particular could be a high sensitivity, high specificity diagnosis biomarker (COASY: sensitivity 96.6%, specificity 96.7%; SPINT1: sensitivity 63.8%, specificity 83.3%). DNA methylation in the COASY promoter region was associated with CDR Scale Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB), an indicator of dementia severity. In the SPINT1 promoter region, DNA methylation was negatively associated with age in NCs and elevated in aMCI and AD subjects positive for antibodies to Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). These findings suggested that changes in DNA methylation in the COASY and SPINT1 promoter regions are influenced by various factors. In conclusion, DNA methylation levels in the COASY and SPINT1 promoter regions were considered to potentially be a convenient and useful biomarker for diagnosis of AD and aMCI.

Genetic Association between Presenilin 2 Polymorphisms and Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia of Lewy Body Type in a Japanese Population.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Mutations in the presenilin 2 (PSEN2) gene cause familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). Common polymorphisms affect gene activity and increase the risk of AD. Nonsynonymous polymorphisms in the PSEN2 gene showed Lewy body dementia (LBD) phenotypes clinically. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether PSEN2 gene polymorphisms were associated with AD or LBD. METHODS: Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the gene were analyzed using a case-control study design comprising 288 AD patients, 76 LBD patients, and 105 age-matched controls. RESULTS: Linkage disequilibrium (LD) examination showed strong LD from rs1295645 to rs8383 on the gene in our cases from Japan. There were no associations between the SNPs studied here and AD onset, and haplotypic analyses did not detect genetic associations between AD and the PSEN2 gene. Although the number of the cases was small, the SNPs studied did not modify the risk of developing LBD in a Japanese population. CONCLUSION: The common SNPs of the PSEN2 gene did not affect the risk of AD or LBD in a Japanese population. Because genetic variability of the PSEN2 gene is associated with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in AD and LBD, further detailed analyses considering BPSD of both diseases would be required.