[Analysis and classification of Latin anatomical names of skeletal fossa in Terminologia Anatomica, and comparison with corresponding Japanese anatomical names].

For a better understanding of the structures comprising the human body and in view of the possible need for future revision of anatomical nomenclature, Latin anatomical names of skeletal fossa in Terminologia Anatomica were analyzed and classified, and compared with the corresponding Japanese anatomical names. The words following Fossa indicated: 1) the form of the fossa, 2) the structure to which the fossa belongs, 3) the position of the fossa, 4) the structure that exists near the fossa, 5) the structure that the fossa contains, 6) the structure attached to the fossa, 7) the structure that transmits the fossa, or 8) the structure with which the fossa articulates. The analysis of Latin names and comparison with Japanese names clarified some characteristics of both names and revealed some problems in them.

[Analysis and classification of Latin anatomical names of skeletal canals in Terminologia anatomica, and comparison with corresponding Japanese anatomical names].

For a better understanding of the structures comprising the human body and in view of the possible need for future revision of anatomical nomenclature, Latin anatomical names of skeletal canals (including canaliculi) in Terminologia Anatomica were analyzed and classified, and compared with the corresponding Japanese anatomical names. The words following Canalis or Canales indicated: (1) the structure to which the canal belongs, (2) the structure to which the opening of the canal belongs, (3) the position of the canal, (4) the structure to which the canal leads, (5) the structure that exists near the opening of the canal, (6) the structure that transmits the canal, (7) the structure that is a component of the canal, or (8) the function of the canal. The analysis of Latin names and comparison with Japanese names clarified some characteristics of both names and revealed some problems in them.

[Analysis and classification of Latin anatomical names of skeletal foramina in Terminologia Anatomica, and comparison with corresponding Japanese anatomical names].

For better understanding of the structures comprising the human body and in view of the possible need for future revision, Latin anatomical names of skeletal foramina in Terminologia Anatomica were analyzed and classified, and compared with the corresponding Japanese anatomical names. The words following Foramen or Foramina indicated:1) the form of the foramen, 2) the state of the foramen, 3) the absolute size of the foramen, 4) the structure to which the foramen belongs, 5) the position of the foramen in the skeletal system, 6) the part of the human body in which the foramen exists, 7) the structure that transmits the foramen, or 8) the function of the foramen. Analysis of Latin names and comparison with Japanese names clarified some characteristics of both names and revealed some problems in them.

[Anatomical names of skeletal tubers and tubercles: analysis and classification of Latin names, and comparison with corresponding English and Japanese names].

For better understanding of the structures comprising the human body and in view of possible need for future revision, Latin anatomical names (Terminologia Anatomica) of the skeletal tubers and tubercles were analyzed and classified, and compared with the corresponding English and Japanese anatomical names. The words following Tuber indicated: (1) the structure to which the tuber belongs; or (2) location of the tuber. The words following Tuberculum indicated: (1) the structure to which the tubercle belongs; (2) location of the tubercle; (3) the structure attached to the tubercle; (4) the structure that exists near the tubercle; (5) the structure that passes near the tubercle; (6) the structure of which the tubercle is a component; (7) the relative size of the tubercle; (8) the relative position of the tubercle; or (9) the non-relative position ofthe tubercle. Analysis of Latin names and comparison with English and Japanese names clarified some characteristics of those names and revealed some problems in them.

[Anatomical names of skeletal surfaces: analysis and classification of Latin names, and comparison with corresponding Japanese names].

For better understanding of the structures comprising the human body and in view of possible need for future revision, Latin anatomical names (Terminologia Anatomica) of the skeletal surfaces were analyzed and classified, and compared with the corresponding Japanese anatomical names. The words following Facies indicated: 1) morphological resemblance of the surface; 2) the structure that articulates with the surface; 3) the structure attached to the surface; 4) the structure in contact with the surface; 5) the way of connection between the surface and the structure that faces it; 6) the structure of which the surface is a component; 7) the structure that the surface faces; 8) the site that the surface faces; 9) the relative position of the surface; 10) the non-relative position of the surface; 11) an articulation of the surface; or 12) both the structure with which the surface articulates and the structure of which the surface is a component. Analysis of Latin names and comparison with Japanese names clarified some characteristics of both names and revealed some problems in them.

[Anatomical names of skeletal notches--analysis and classification of Latin names, and comparison with corresponding Japanese names--].

For better understanding of the structures comprising the human body and in view of possible need for future revision, Latin anatomical names (Nomina Anatomica, 3rd edition) of the skeletal notches were analyzed and classified, and compared with the corresponding Japanese anatomical names. The words following Incisura indicated: 1) the structure to which the notch belongs; 2) location of the notch; 3) the structure of which the notch is a component; 4) the bone or osseous structure with which the notch is connected; or 5) non-osseous structure attached to the notch. Analysis of Latin names and comparison with Japanese names clarified some characteristics of both names and revealed some problems in them.

[Anatomical names of skeletal processes--analysis and classification of Latin names, and comparison with corresponding Japanese names].

For better understanding of the structures comprising the human body and in view of possible need for future revision, Latin anatomical names (Nomina Anatomica, 3rd edition) of the skeletal processes were analyzed and classified, and compared with the corresponding Japanese anatomical names. The words following Processus indicated: 1) morphological resemblance of the process; 2) the structure to which the process belongs; 3) location of the process; 4) direction of the process; 5) an articulation of the process; 6) the bone or one of the bones with which the process is connected; 7) the structure of which the process is a component; 8) the structure attached to the process; 9) the structure contained in the process; 10) homology of the process; 11) participation in another process; or 12) other uncertain information. Comparison between Latin and Japanese anatomical names clarified some characteristics of each name and revealed some problems in Japanese names.

[Anatomical names of Sulcus in skeleton--analysis of Latin names and comparison with Japanese names].

For better understanding of the structures of the human body and for possible revision in the future Latin anatomical names of Sulcus in skeleton were analyzed and compared with Japanese anatomical names. The words that follow after Sulcus indicated: 1) the structure that exists in Sulcus, 2) the structure that contains Sulcus, 3) the location of Sulcus, or 4) the structure of which Sulcus enters into the formation. By the comparison between Latin and Japanese anatomical names, some characteristics of each name were made clear and some problems in Japanese names were pointed out.

[Adjectives in international anatomical names and the corresponding words in Japanese anatomical names].

International anatomical names are expressed in Latin. In these names some adjectives denote anatomical names that consist of plural words, as deltoidea in Tuberositas deltoidea denotes Musculus deltoideus. We examined the words the correspond to such adjectives in Japanese anatomical names of the structures in the cranial and facial bones, and classified them into following groups: 1) adequate Japanese anatomical names, 2) original meanings of adjectives, 3) the word that is translated freely but lacks the letter corresponding a noun in Latin anatomical name, 4) Japanese anatomical names that correspond different Latin anatomical names, 5) Japanese anatomical names that correspond Latin anatomical names in the past.