[The development of children nutrition science in Russia].

The article presents the main directions of children nutrition science in Russia, that starts at the Institute of Nutrition (nowadays Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety). Almost all areas of children nutrition - from early age to adulthood, from the organization of public nutrition to personalized approaches - were developed on the base of the Department of Children Nutrition, founded in 1932. Years of beneficial work of famous Russian specialists in the field of pediatric dietetics and nutrition science are associated with this Department, for instance professors E.M. Fateeva, K.S. Ladodo, I.Ya. Kon and their followers. The priority role of the Department of Children Nutrition in different areas of nutrition science is also shown in the article, for example in the development and improvement of physiological needs in nutrients and energy for children, pregnant and nursing women; development of new specialized infant foods, including first Russian formulas. Perinatal nutrition science, fundamental research on the composition of breast milk, creation of the system supporting breastfeeding, and design of dietary approaches to the correction of alimentary-dependent diseases were developed. The research on the effects of the hormonal composition of breast milk on the growth rate of infants who are breastfed has attracted the interest of the world scientific community. In recent years, fundamentally new scientific directions have been formed, based on the theory of "food programming", and nutrigenetic research has been developed. An important impetus in the development of modern pediatric nutritional science is the introduction of new approaches based on the achievements of nutritional metabolomics, nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics, digital technologies, and innovations in the field of food production. Nowadays children's nutrition in our country has confidently developed into an independent scientific direction, its main sections have been clearly identified: prenatal nutrition; infant and toddler nutrition; nutrition of preschool and school-age children; epidemiology of child nutrition; technologies for the production of infant and baby food and its safety.

[The study of rs11801197 polymorphism of the calcitonin receptor gene (CALCR) in Moscow women and children with different level of bone strength].

The frequency of the polymorphism rs11801197 of calcitonin receptor gene (CALCR) was studied by real-time PCR in 422 Moscow women and children, including pregnant women (n=96), lactating (n=29) and non-pregnant women (n=28) and children (n=269) of preschool (2-6 years, n=76) and school age (7-16 years, n=193) with different levels of bone strength (BS) as determined by ultrasound densitometry. It was found that the decrease in the value of the BS (Z-score<-1) was observed in 60% of women, 54% of preschool children and 48% of school children. In the cohort studied the predominant genotype of rs11801197 polymorphism of CALCR gene was CT (38%), the frequency of the genotypes CC and TT - 31%, C and T allele - 50%. There was statistically significant association of BS reduction risk with a C allele of rs11801197 polymorphism of CALCR gene in all examined women (QR=2.034, p=0.02). A positive but not statistically significant association of BS reduction risk with C allele of polymorphism in non-pregnant and pregnant women was found (OR=6.905, p=0.09 and OR=1.902, p=0.09 respectively). The same tendency was observed in preschool children (OR=1.880, p=0.104). In school-aged children C allele was not associated with the risk of BS reduction (OR=0.866, p=0.595). Thus, the allele C is the risk allele of BS reduction. The frequency of CC genotype in Moscow women is much higher than that in women in Europe and in women of North-West region of Russian Federation. Women in the Moscow region - the carriers of rs11801197 polymorphism of CALR - gene need in personalized support of their bone health.

[The prevalence of overweight and obesity in moscow pregnant women and principles of alimentary correction of these conditions].

The aim was to study the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Moscow pregnant women, as well as to conduct a comparative study of normal and excessive women`s body weight influence on the course and outcome of pregnancy and delivery, anthropometric indices and state of newborn`s health, to assess women's dietary intake and to develop approaches to nutritional correction of overweight and obesity in pregnant women. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among pregnant women in Moscow in 2009-2011 was 8.3% of the total number of pregnant women observed. The average weight gain during pregnancy in women with overweight and obesity amounted to 13.8±5.2 kg, that was higher then the weight gain in women with normal body weight (11.7±4.5 kg). In women with overweight and obesity there was an increased risk of complications during pregnancy (preeclampsia, anemia), delivery (more frequent operational, premature and delayed delivery), as well as 2-3 times more frequent birth of children with significantly enhanced birthweight, including macrosomia. A study of dietary intake of women surveyed showed a deviation of diets of pregnant women with overweight and obesity from the physiological standards, which is the increase of fat and saturated fatty acids by 25%, reduced carbohydrate content up to 30%, and the reduction in the diet of women of some micronutrients (folic acid, vitamin A, ß-carotene). The main principles of nutritional correction of diets of pregnant women who are overweight and obese have been presented as well as recommended set of products and exemplary diet for this category of women.

[The study of rs1800012 polymorphism of the alphal-chain collagen type 1 gene in Moscow women and children with different level of bone strength].

The frequency of rs1800012 polymorphism of alpha1-chains of type 1 collagen gene (COL1A1) was studied by real-time PCR in 422 Moscow women and children, including pregnant women (n=96), lactating (n=29) and non-pregnant women (n=28) and preschool children (2-6 years, n=76) and school children (7-16 years, n=193) with different levels of bone strength (BS) as determined by ultrasound densitometry. It was found that the decrease in the value of the BS (Z-score < -1) was observed in 60% of women, 54% of preschool children and 48% of school-aged children. In the surveyed cohort the predominant genotype of rs1800012 polymorphism CO1A1 geneI gene was GG (55.1%), the frequency of the genotype TT--7.6%, of T-allele--26.2%. There were no statistically significant relationships of BS with a particular genotype of rs1800012 polymorphism 1f1COLIAI gene in all examined women. A positive but not statistically significant association of T allele with a risk BS reduction was found in non-pregnant and pregnant women (OR=2.143, p=0.31 and OR=1.227, p=0.55, respectively). For preschool and school-aged children T allele was not associated with the risk of BS reduction. In school-age children a statistically significant inverse association of T allele with the risk of BS reduction was shown (OR=0.621 wth

[Changes in the fatty acid composition of blood cell membranes in children with inflammatory diseases].

Fatty acid composition of erythrocyte and leukocyte membranes has been studied in children (with normal body mass and obesity) with inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and children with bronchial asthma in comparison with basically healthy children. Fifty seven children aged from 7 to 14 years were examined: 13 with inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (IDGIT) (eosophagitis, gastroduodenitis, stomach ulcer), 25 with obesity stages (I-III) complicated by IDGIT, 9 with bronchial asthma and 10 basically healthy children. The study revealed that both IDGIT and bronchial asthma caused significant and similar changes in fatty acid composition of cell membranes. These included accumulation of omega3-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and the decrease of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); this phenomenon observed in both erythrocyte and leukocyte membranes suggests a common feature of the detected changes in fatty acid composition of cell membranes in inflammation. There was a significant decrease in the level of membrane omega6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), first of all arachidonic acid and total omega6 PUFA. Consequently, EPA accumulation in membranes may be a compensatory response to low dietary arachidonic acid supply and/or its increased synthesis of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotriens, thromboxans) during inflammatory process.

[Breast hormones--regulators of energy homeostasis: growth of infants].

Studied the possible relationship between the growth rate of children who are breastfed, and the level of protein, fat, insulin-like growth factor- 1 (IGF-1), ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin in breast milk. Examined 71 pair--a mother and a healthy child, who is breastfed. All infants were divided into 3 groups: low, normal and high weight gain. Daily breast milk intake, the level of fat, protein and hormones proteins regulators of energy homeostasis (adiponectin, grelin, IGF-1 and leptin) in breast milk were measured at 1, 2 and 3 months of lactation. It was found that daily breast milk consumption was higher in the group of infants with high weight gain and the content of protein and fat in it did not differ in three groups. Total daily consumption of protein and fat with breast milk was higher in groups of infants with high weight gain. There was significantly higher IGF-1 level and the tendency to higher grelin level in breast milk of mothers of infants with higher weight gain. The possible link of breast milk hormones with growth velocity of breast-fed infants is discussed.

Accumulation of eicosapentaenoic acid in membranes of erythrocytes and leukocytes during alterative-exudative and allergic inflammation.

Children patients with alterative-exudative (gastrointestinal diseases) and allergic inflammation (bronchial asthma) exhibited similar changes in fatty acid composition of erythrocyte and leukocyte membranes. They included accumulation of considerable amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid and decrease in the content of docosahexaenoic acid (long-chain derivative of eicosapentaenoic acid). The accumulation of eicosapentaenoic acid and decrease in the content of docosahexaenoic acid in cell membranes probably play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases. It is related to a possible decrease in the formation of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids (series-5 leukotrienes) and protective compounds (resolvins and protectins) from fatty acids and changes in the physicochemical properties of cell membranes.

[Modern ideas about the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet of women and children: new aspects].

Literature data on biochemical functions and physiological significance of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) nutrition of children and pregnant women have been analyzed. New own data about main metabolic functions of PUFA regulation of lipid peroxidation and forming of antioxidant system--in healthy term and preterm babies and pregnant women with preeclampsia are given. At the same time the data on the synthesis of 4th and 5th series leukotrienes in healthy and sick children and cell membrane fatty acids composition changes at different types of inflammation are shown. The hypothesis had been formulated about omega-3 PUFA possible participation in cell proliferation and programming role of their adequate intake at early age for providing health in older age periods. It was pointed also on the importance of correct relation of omega-6/omega-3 PUFA in the diet as the precursors of 4th and 5th series leukotrienes in the organism for prevention of hard and long lasting course of some invaliding diseases in children and successful course and pregnancy termination in women.

[Mechanisms of the antioxidant defense in children].

The problem of antioxidative defence forming and the role of food antioxidants in it as well as the use of antioxidants in the nutrition of infants and children is discussed. The literature data on antioxidants and prooxidants regulatory effects on cell proliferation and tissue differentiation are reviewed. The important role of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their synergists (flavonoids, vitamin E, etc.) in the regulation of the processes of lipid peroxidation and antioxidative activity in the organism is stressed and their possible participation in the regulation of cell proliferation and tissue differentiation is discussed.

[The nutritional status of children in intensive care units].

The paper deals with the nutritional status of infants in intensive care units (ICU). It shows nutritional trends in 269 children aged 1 month to 15 years, treated in the ICU of a Tushino children's city hospital, Moscow, for brain injury, abdominal surgical diseases, and severe pneumonia. The paper evaluates the physical development of children in the ICU, shows the trends in weight-height, somatometric, laboratory parameters, and balance study data. The values of protein losses and nitrogen balance in children in the postaggression period and their relationship to age and feeding mode (enteral, parenteral-enteral) are shown.

[Nutritive correction and iodine deficiency in children].

It is well known that deficiency of calcium and iodine--essential food components needed for children's valuable growth and development--is observed presently in children of different age. Considering this fact, the "Danone" company together with Institute of Nutrition (Russia) has developed a special formula, including calcium, iodine and vitamin D, for dairy products "Rastishka". The use of these products facilitates both reducing the risk of the above mentioned microelement deficiency and children's growth and development.

[Effect of long time storage of infant formulas on their vitamins A, E, levels of peroxide value and antioxidant activity as compared to breast milk].

It is shown that vitamins A and E content in infant and follow-on formulae was significantly higher comparatively to declared level while their content decreased during storage at room temperature in open boxes in accordance with manufactures recommendations. Vitamins A and E level decrease accompanied by formulae anti- and prooxidants ratio changes and peroxide value increase in all formula studied. The minimal level of vitamin A and E increase above declared one during manufacturing of infant formula that allows to maintain the actual vitamins level in accordance with declared one was grounded. Breast milk antioxidant activity was different from that one of started and follow-on formulae. The data obtained shows the necessity to optimize the antioxidant composition of infant and follow-on formulae to make their content and functional activity closer to human milk.

Antioxidant spectrum of blood serum and its peculiarities in children.

We compared the contribution of high- and low-molecular-weight antioxidants into total antioxidant activity of blood serum in children and adults. Ten serum samples from children aged from 3 months to 12 years and 6 serum samples from adults were fractionated by chromatography and antioxidant activity and the contents of transferrin and ceruloplasmin were measured in total serum and individual chromatographic fractions. It was found that total antioxidant activity of the serum from children measured in the system of yolk lipoproteins considerably surpassed that in adults. Moreover, in adults the major part in serum antioxidant activity is played by a fist identified high-molecular-weight fraction (600 kDa) and a 67 kDa fraction containing ceruloplasmin and transferrin. Serum antioxidant activity in children was determined only by the high-molecular-weight peak not containing ceruloplasmin and transferrin, which was probably due to significantly lower serum transferrin content in children compared to adults.

[Biochemical methods for evaluating the nutritional status of children]. / Biokhimicheskie metody otsenki pishchevogo statusa detei.

As the total system of the children's nutritional status evaluation is the necessary part in the children's health guarding measures complex the significance of biochemical methods as the part of this system have been analyzed in the article. On the base of the literature data as well as on the authors own experience the classification of the existing biochemical methods for more than 20 indices of children's nutritional status have been proposed. Advantages and disadvantages of the methods described have been briefly characterized.

[Dynamics of malonic aldehyde, transferrin levels and blood antioxidant activity in women with normal pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by toxicosis: effect of eiconol]. / Dinamika urovnia malonovogo dial'degida, transferrina i antioksidantnoi aktivnosti syvorotki krovi u zhenshchin s normal'noi beremennost'iu i beremennost'iu, oslozhnennoi toksikozom: vliianie éikonola.

Malonic dyaldehyde (MDA) and transferrin (TF) content and total antioxidant activity (AOA) were measured in blood of pregnant women with normal pregnancy (27 women) and preeclamptic pregnancy (46 women) at different pregnancy stages (17-28, 29-34 and 35-40 weeks of pregnancy). It was shown that in normal pregnancy AOA increased from 24 weeks of pregnancy with a maximum at 30 weeks, while MDA level did not change significantly through all time of pregnancy. On the contrary, in preeclamptic pregnancy blood AOA did not change significantly, while MDA content increased at the 26-34 weeks of pregnancy with a maximum at 30-34 weeks of pregnancy. Blood TF content in normal pregnancy increased during pregnancy development with a maximum at 30-34 weeks, while in preeclamptic pregnancy TF changed only a little. These data show the important role of TF in the AOA blood status formation in normal pregnancy, and great pathogenetic role of the absence of such an increase of TF at preeclamptic pregnancy in AOA impairment at this condition. Eiconol (omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate from north fish oil) intake by preeclamptic pregnant women drastically decreased blood MDA level (1,5-2 times compared to the women that did not receive eiconol), especially at 29-34 week of gestation. Blood AOA, that was decreased at preeclampsia increased under influence of eiconol intake at all pregnancy stages studied. Eiconol intake greatly increased also the TF blood content that was decreased at preeclampsia. It is supposed that eiconol ability to increase AOA may be explained by its capacity to increase the level of TF--one of the most important compounds of serum blood antioxidant system.

[Effects of vitamin D metabolites on indicators of protein, phosphorus and calcium metabolism in children with chronic renal failure]. / Vliianie metabolitov vitamina D na pokazateli belkovogo i fosforno-kal'tsevogo obmena u detei s khronicheskoi pochechnoi nedostatochnost'iu.

Amino acid analysis and investigation of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus balance were done in two groups of patients with renal failure and osteodystrophy on vitamin D metabolites and analogues treatment. The results of the investigation confirm vitamin D metabolites influence on free amino acid metabolism and on nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus balance. We observed significant decreases of blood amino acids and good influence on renal osteodystrophy in patients treated with vitamin D metabolites. Vitamin D metabolites didn't influence retention, urinary and fecal excretion of endogenous nitrogen in patients with renal failure.