Fabrication of Partially Etched Polystyrene Nanoparticles.

Non-spherical polymer nanoparticles (NPs) have gained attention in various fields, but their fabrication remains challenging. In this study, we present a simple protocol for synthesizing partially etched polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles through emulsion polymerization and chemical etching. By adjusting the degree of crosslinking, we selectively dissolve the weakly crosslinked portions of the particles, resulting in partially etched PS NPs with increased surface area. These partially etched NPs are evaluated for their use as solid surfactants in Pickering emulsions, where they demonstrate significantly improved emulsion stability compared to intact spherical NPs. Our results contribute to the field of nanoparticle shape control and provide insights into developing novel materials for various applications, particularly in the area of solid surfactant usage. Additionally, the importance of conducting cellular toxicity studies using these partially etched NPs for future work is also emphasized.

Efficacy and tolerability of desensitization in the treatment of delayed drug hypersensitivities to anti-tuberculosis medications.

BACKGROUND: Delayed drug hypersensitivity to first-line anti-tuberculosis medication is a major challenge in tuberculosis treatment. OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to investigate the efficacy/tolerability of desensitization therapy in treatment of first-line anti-tuberculosis medication hypersensitivity and the usefulness of immunologic evaluation therein. METHODS: This study was conducted as a prospective, observational cohort study. Subjects who experienced hypersensitivity reactions, including maculopapular exanthema (MPE) and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), to first-line anti-tuberculosis medications (isoniazid [INH], ethambutol [EMB], rifampin [RFP], and pyrazinamide [PZA]) were enrolled. Patch, intradermal, lymphocyte transformation, and oral provocation tests were performed to determine culprit drugs, which were desensitized with rapid and graded challenge protocols. Breakthrough reactions (BTRs) during or after desensitization were assessed. RESULTS: In total, 31 desensitization treatments (INH, 8; EMB, 8; RFP, 11; PZA, 4) to 12 patients (8 with MPE and 4 with DRESS) were performed. The overall success rate of desensitization was 80.7%. All the study subjects except one completed the full course of anti-tuberculosis treatment. The overall BTR free rate was 64.5%. Sixteen (80%) treatments for MPE and four (36.4%) for DRESS were BTR free (P = 0.023). Drugs that were positive on any two of three immunologic studies showed significantly high BTR rates (P = 0.014), although this was not correlated with desensitization failure rate. CONCLUSION: Rapid desensitization therapy to multiple anti-tuberculosis medications for delayed drug hypersensitivity was safe and successful. Combination of multiple immunologic evaluations may predict BTR although it needs validation in larger studies.

A practical scoring system for predicting cirrhosis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The purpose of the current study was to develop a simple model for predicting cirrhosis in chronic viral hepatitis patients and to evaluate the usefulness of decision tree algorithms. METHODOLOGY: Serum markers of fibrosis were compared with the stage of fibrosis in liver biopsy specimens prospectively obtained from 526 subjects with chronic HBV and HCV infections (estimation set, 367; validation set, 159). RESULTS: Univariate analysis revealed that age, bilirubin, platelet count, APRI, ALP, hyaluronic acid (HA), α2-macroglobulin, MMP-2, TIMP-1, and procollagen III N-terminal peptide (PIIINP) were significantly different between patients with (F4) and without cirrhosis (F0123). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified platelet count, HA and PIIINP as independent predictors of cirrhosis. We categorized the individual variable into the most appropriate cut-off value by calculating the likelihood ratio for predicting cirrhosis and constructed a score system expressed by the following simple formula: PHP index = platelet score + HA score + PIIINP score. For predicting cirrhosis, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was 0.824 and 0.759 in the estimation and validation set, respectively. Using a cut-off score of 4, the presence of cirrhosis was predicted with high accuracy. The diagnostic performance of the PHP index was similar to decision tree algorithms (AUROC=0.819) for predicting liver cirrhosis, but more useful in clinical situations. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to a decision tree model, a simple score system using a categorized value based on a combination of platelet count, HA and PIIINP identified patients with liver cirrhosis with a higher clinical usability.

Expression of peroxiredoxin and thioredoxin in human lung cancer and paired normal lung.

BACKGROUND: Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) have been implicated in regulating many cellular processes including cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. However, the pathophysiological significance of Prx proteins, especially in lung disease, has not been defined. Therefore, the authors investigated the distribution and expression of various Prx isoforms in lung cancer and compared this with normal lung from human and mouse. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with lung cancer who underwent surgery at Ajou Medical Center were enrolled. Expression of Prxs, thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase was analysed by proteomic techniques. Immunohistochemistry was performed to localize Prx proteins. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining showed that the isoforms of Prx I, II, III and V were predominantly expressed in bronchial and alveolar epithelium as well as in alveolar macrophages of the normal mouse lung. The isoforms I, III and thioredoxin were overexpressed in lung cancer tissues compared with normal lungs. There was also an increased amount of oxidized form of Prx I and a putative truncated form of Prx III in lung cancer samples when analysed on two-dimensional electrophoresis. In addition, a 40-kDa intermediate MW protein band and high MW bands of over 20 kDa, recognized by anti-Prx (a-Prx) I antibody, were present in tissue extracts of lung cancer patients on one-dimensional electrophoresis. CONCLUSION: The upregulation of Prx I, Prx III and thioredoxin in lung cancer tissue may represent an attempt by tumour cells to adjust to the microenvironment in a manner that is advantageous to survival and proliferation.

Computerized physician order entry and electronic medical record systems in Korean teaching and general hospitals: results of a 2004 survey.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the availability of computerized physician order entry (CPOE) and electronic medical record (EMR) systems in teaching and general hospitals in the Republic of Korea. DESIGN: A combined mail and telephone survey of 283 hospitals. MEASUREMENTS: The surveys assessed the availability of CPOE and EMRs in the hospitals, as well as inducement, participation, and saturation regarding CPOE use by physicians. RESULTS: A total of 122 (43.1%) hospitals responded to the survey. The complete form of CPOE was available in 98 (80.3%) hospitals. The use of CPOE was mandatory in 92 (86.0%) of the 107 hospitals that responded to the questions regarding the requirement of CPOE use. In 85 (79.4%) of the hospitals in which CPOE was in use, more than 90% of physicians used the system. In addition, physicians entered more than 90% of their total orders through CPOE in 87 (81.3%) hospitals. In contrast, a complete EMR system was available in only 11 (9.0%) of the hospitals. CONCLUSION: Of the teaching and general hospitals in the Republic of Korea that responded to the survey, the majority (80.3%) have CPOE systems, and a complete EMR system is available in only 9%.