Presence of both heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate resistance and ß-lactam antibiotic-induced vancomycin resistance phenotypes is associated with the outcome in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection.

BACKGROUND: Although the individual expression of heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate resistance (hVISA) and ß-lactam antibiotic-induced vancomycin resistance (BIVR) phenotypes has been associated with treatment failure and recurrence in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections, the effect of the co-expression of these phenotypic profiles on clinical outcome has not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the combination of hVISA and BIVR phenotypes on the clinical outcome in MRSA bacteremia. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-two MRSA blood isolates from a 21-y period, 1987-2007, were randomly selected. Screening for hVISA was done by the macromethod Etest and confirmed by population analysis profiles. BIVR was identified using Mu3 agar containing 4 µg/ml of vancomycin. RESULTS: Thirty (18.5%) and 39 (24.1%) of the 162 MRSA blood isolates were positive for the hVISA and BIVR phenotypes, respectively. Eighteen (11.1%) isolates possessed both hVISA and BIVR phenotypes (hVISA(+)/BIVR(+)). In a subset of patients who received initial treatment with glycopeptides, only the patients whose isolates were hVISA(+)/BIVR(+) displayed a significantly higher mortality rate in comparison to those with non-hVISA(+)/BIVR(+) (80.0% vs 31.3%, p = 0.004). The presence of both hVISA and BIVR phenotypes was a predictor of mortality using a logistic regression analysis (p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: The combined phenotype of hVISA and BIVR was associated with a higher probability of mortality in patients with MRSA bacteremia. Further prospective studies are warranted to delineate the clinical significance of the combined phenotype of hVISA and BIVR.

Rapid and sensitive HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of paraquat and diquat in human serum.

A rapid and sensitive HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of paraquat and diquat in human serum has been developed. After deproteinization of the serum with 10% trichloroacetic acid, the samples were separated on a reversed-phase column, and subsequently reduced to their radicals with alkaline sodium hydrosulfite solution. These radicals were monitored with a UV detector at 391 nm. This method permitted the reliable quantification of paraquat over linear ranges of 50 ng - 10 microg/ml and 100 ng - 10 microg/ml for diquat in human serum. The within- and between-day variations are lower than 2.3 and 2.2%, respectively. This technique was also utilized to determine the paraquat and diquat serum levels in a patient who had ingested herbicide (Prigrox L) containing paraquat and diquat.