[Thermal skin reaction to food intake and its changes in certain forms of obesity]. / Temperaturnaia reaktsiia kozhi na priem pishchi i ee izmeneniia pri nekotorykh formakh ozhireniia.

The authors review data on recently discovered temperature response of deep skin layers to the meal. The reaction is of a reflex nature and is one of the mechanisms regulating heat exchange in the body. In healthy people this reaction is weak. In alimentary obesity, it becomes much stronger, probably due to impaired heat exchange because of accumulated fat. In obesity related to diencephalic syndrome skin reaction is similar to control. In this obesity, pituitory seems to lose ability to regulate circulation in the blood. The above reaction can be used as a test differentiating the two forms of obesity.

[Thermal reaction of subcutaneous tissue to food intake in patients with obesity]. / Termicheskaia reaktsiia podkozhnoi kletchatki na priem pishchi u bol'nykh ozhireniem.

Investigating the temperature of deep layers of skin and in the main of subcutaneous tissue in patients with obesity we found the close connection between changes of this temperature and food intake. In patients who are in postabsorptive period the intake of the small portion of test food (220 kcal) induces in 3-4 min a marked increase of the subcutaneous tissue temperature (often by 1.0-1.5 degrees C in comparison with the initial level). Further the temperature still rises some what and then keeps at increased level for 30-45 min. At the end of the treatment course of patients in the clinic (and the body weight loss by 10-14 kg) these changes of the temperature become much less intensive or do not quite manifest. The above thermic reaction is developed apparently as a result of the dilatation of blood vessels of the skin and filling the venous plexus with the arterial blood. Probably in depends upon the regulatory activity of hypothalamus which is directed on an increase of heat loss into environment.

[Effect of glutamate and combined with inosine monophosphate on gastric secretion]. / Deistvie glutamata i ego sochetaniia s inozinmonofosfatom na zheludochnuiu sekretsiiu.

Experiments on dogs with Pavlov pouch and gastric fistula demonstrate that monosodium glutamate (MSG) enriched with inosine monophosphate (IMP) potentiate pentagastrin-induced gastric secretion. The preparation (Chi-Mi) was introduced directly into the intestine through a fistula. When given alone in an equal quantity MSG produced the same effect. In per os administration Chi-Mi was more effective, probably due to a different response of the gustatory receptors to MSG and Chi-Mi. When the latter two were added to meat used as a food stimulus, Chi-Mi brought about more intensive gastric secretion in all its phases. In sham feeding Chi-Mi also intensified the secretion augmenting the reflex phase of gastric secretion when added to food substances. The findings may appear helpful in further search for medical application of glutamate and allied substances.

[Reflex of food-induced thermogenesis in normal subjects and its changes in patients with obesity]. / Reflektornyi period vyzvannogo pishchei termogeneza v norme i ego izmeneniia u bolnykh ozhireniem.

Dog experiments have established that an initial period of food-induced thermogenesis (FIT) has a reflex nature. This is proved by FIT appearance in sham feeding and disappearance after atropine administration. Various food substances proved capable of evoking this reflex. It was also registered in humans. Oxygen consumption rose within 3-10 minutes after a test meal reaching a 25% maximal increment. However, no or minimal manifestations of the reflex occurred in obese patients. They had to undergo a 30-day weight-reducing treatment to reacquire the lost reflex. Physiological value of FIT as a mechanism stimulating tissue metabolism and preparing food substances assimilation are discussed.

[The use of monosodium glutamate in the combined therapy of patients with atrophic gastritis]. / Primenenie odnozameshchennogo glutamata natriia v kompleksnoi terapii bol'nykh atroficheskim gastritom.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) taken per os has been found to stimulate gastric secretion provoked by pentagastrin. MSG gave rise to a marked elevation of endogenic gastrin levels both in experimental animals and atrophic gastritis patients. Thirty-six patients with secretory gastric insufficiency received MSG as an additive to their food during combined therapy of their disease. The preparation proved to be well-tolerated, good stimulant of gastric secretion, efficient in digestion improvement. MSG is recommended as an adjuvant in combined therapy of atrophic gastritis.

[Potentiating effect of sodium glutamate on gastric secretion and its possible use as a clinical test]. / Potentsiruiushchee deistvie glutamata natriia na zheludochnuiu sekretsiiu i ego vozmozhnoe ispol'zovanie v kachestve klinicheskogo testa.

The authors report a potentiating effect of sodium glutamate on gastric secretion in subjects free of gastrointestinal diseases. Similar effect has been discovered in dogs. In subjects with gastric hyposecretion (chronic gastritis, functional regulatory disturbances) sodium glutamate combined with pentagastrin is a helpful tool in overall evaluation of gastric secretion. In achlorhydria is can be used for determination of a residual capacity of the stomach to secrete the hydrochloric acid in failure of humoral stimulators.

[Radiothermometric research of tissues during the initial reflex period of the specific dynamic action of food]. / Radiotermometricheskoe issledovanie tkanei v nachal'nyi reflektornyi period spetsificheskogo dinamicheskogo deistviia pishchi.

Radiothermometry-aided investigations have shown that the initial period of specific dynamic food action (SDFA) in man is characterized by a distinct rise of temperature of tissues of some organs. A rise of temperature in liver, intestinal and brown fatty tissues (by 0.5-0.9 degree C) is noted 3-10 min. after taking exploratory food (220 kcal). As has been shown before, a considerable rise of oxygen, consumed by the body, is noted. The results obtained reaffirm the existence of the initial reflectory period of SDFA in man and suggest that the liver, intestine and brown fatty tissue play the role of executive organs in this period.

[Reflex nature of the initial component of thermogenesis]. / Reflektornaia priroda nachal'nogo zvena termogeneza.

In experiments on dogs with sham feeding it has been shown that the initial component of thermogenesis induced by food is of reflectory nature. During sham feeding 100 g of meat after 10-15 min induced 1.2-2-fold increase of oxygen consumption as compared to the initial value. Other food products (bread, butter, glucose solution) in the same time interval produce a slightly lower but always distinct effect. Even aspartam (28 mg in 50 ml of water) induces a manifest increase of oxygen consumption. This effect is completely eliminated by atropine. alpha- and beta-adrenoblockers (combined phentolamine and propranolol hydrochloride) lead to a sharp decrease in the intensity and duration of the effect. It has been concluded that both cholinergic and adrenergic nervous routes participate in this reflectory action. A suggestion has been made that the importance of this reflex lies in the anticipating stimulation of certain metabolic processes associated with impending assimilation of the ++consumed food.

[The role of the gastrointestinal tract in metabolism: the confirmation and further development of the ideas of I. P. Razenkov]. / Rol' zheludochno-kishechnogo trakta v obmene veshchestv: podtverzhdenie i dal'neishee razvitie idei I. P. Razenkova.

According to the conception proposed by I. P. Razenkov, in addition to digestion proper, the gastro-intestinal tract is responsible for processes directly supporting metabolism. This conception has provided the basis for the modern concept of the circulation of a great amount of endogenous nutrients, proteins in particular, between blood and the digestive tract, which enriches and corrects the composition of exogenous proteins. Hepato-intestinal circulation of substances is a similar process too. Studies of active adaptations of the digestive glands to qualitative changes in nutrition have provided another evidence in its favor. There are several pathways to connect gastrointestinal tract with metabolism, according to the data accumulated up to now. In addition to the above-mentioned ones, they include gastro intestinal participation in hormonal control metabolism, excretory processes, biochemical activity of normal intestinal flora, etc. A rapidly progressing area of experimental and clinical research, dealing with the role of dietary fibres in nutrition is directly rooted in I. P. Razenkov's views and perfectly confirms their validity.

[Effects of glutamic acid and glutathione on the secretory function of the stomach]. / Vliianie glutaminovoi kisloty i glutationa na sekretornuiu funktsiiu zheludka.

Experiments on dogs with Pavlov isolated pouches and gastric fistulas have shown that the ingested solution of MSG produces a potentiating effect on maximal gastric secretion caused by pentagastrin. This effect is apparently connected with the formation of glutathione in intestine. The glutathione concentration in blood after the intake of MSG is significantly elevated. It has been established that reduced glutathione administered in blood produced the similar potentiating effect on gastric secretion caused by pentagastrin.

[Glutathione participation in regulating the secretory function of the stomach]. / Uchastie glutationa v reguliatsii sekretornoi funktsii zheludka.

In experiments on dogs with Pavlov's pouches it was shown that glutathione infusion into the blood produced a highly pronounced stimulating effect on the gastric secretion induced by pentagastrin. Endogenous glutathione produced similar effect. It was found that intake as a drink of mono-sodium glutamate led to a significant increase of glutathione concentration in the dogs' blood, that was, probably, the result of its intensified production in the intestinal wall and passing into the blood. The growth of glutathione concentration in the blood coincided with its stimulating effect on the gastric secretion. Glutathione administered separately into the blood, or intake of glutathione without pentagastrin did not produce stimulating effect on gastric secretion. The data presented have evidenced that glutathione, besides its known functions, plays a role of the factor engaged in the regulation of gastric secretion.

[Localization of the primary action of amino acids leading to the stimulation of gastric secretion]. / O lokalizatsii pervichnogo deistviia aminokislot, privodiashchego k vozbuzhdeniiu zheludochnoi sekretsii.

An attempt has been made to specify whether the stimulant action of amino acids on gastric secretion is related to their direct effect on the structures of the central nervous system or to the influence on certain peripheral receptor formations followed by information transmission to the nervous centres. Acute experiments on dogs were performed to compare the effect of amino acids injected to the carotid artery and to the peripheral vein. It was established that amino acids injected to the carotid artery produced a more rapidly developing and more pronounced secretory reaction of the gastric glands than amino acids injected to the peripheral vein. This fact may strongly indicate that the above effect of amino acids is linked with their direct action on brain structures.

[Nature of the stimulating action of parenterally administered casein hydrolysate on gastric secretory function]. / O prirode stimuliruiushchego deistviia parenteral'nogo vvodimogo gidrolizata kazeina na sekretornuiu funktsiiu zheludka.

Experiments on 4 gastric fistula dogs kept on full-value diet were made in an effort to specify the character of the stimulatory action of parenteral caseine hydrolysate (TSOLIPK) on the gastric fundal glands. In the course of administering the solutions similar to individual components of casein hydrolysate into the blood it was established that the secretory effect of the protein hydrolysate is not a consequence of the presence of ammonia contained by the hydrolysate or depends on the humic substances. It is assumed that the stimulatory action of parenteral casein hydrolysate on the gastric fundal glands is determined by the main protein break down products, i.e. by amino acids and peptides that are capable of acting on the nerve structures and of stimulating gastric secretion via excitation of the centres responsible for gastric function control.

[Gastric secretory function and the energy component of the mixtures used in parenteral feeding]. / Sekretornaia funktsiia zheludka i énergeticheskii komponent ispol'zuemykh v parenteral'nom pitanii smesei.

Experiments on dogs with a gastric fustula and Pavlov's (miniature) isolated pouch, kept on a high-standard mixed ration evidenced that intravenous administration of various substances acts on the fundal gastric glands differently. Some of such substances stimulate the secretion of an acid gastric juice (xylitol and ethyl alcohol), while others are inert in this respect (sorbitol, 1.2-propandiol, 1.3-butandiol, fatty intralipid emulsion). Five percent solutions of glucose and fructose do not provoke any significant secretion of juice, although also lead to a short-lived pH fall in the gastric secretion. At the same time the action of the said substances is markedly less intensive than the caseine hydrolysate (TSOLIPK) has an effect on the gastric juice. In the practice of parenteral nutrition with the preparation of nutrative mixtures the ability to provoke the gastric secretion by the ethyl alcohol and xylitol an account should be taken of.