RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported that as a group, individuals affected by psychotic and nonpsychotic disorders perform below norms on cognitive tests. Other studies have indicated that unaffected siblings of individuals affected by psychotic disorders also perform below norms on the same tests. We investigated cognitive performance on a large, population-based sample of individuals, affected at the time of testing by nonpsychotic disorders, and their unaffected siblings. METHODS: Subjects were taken from a population-based cohort of 523,375, 16- to 17-year-old male adolescents who had been assessed by the Israeli Draft Board. Cognitive test scores were examined in sib-pairs discordant for nonpsychotic (n = 19,489) and psychotic (n = 888) disorders and compared with 224,082 individuals from sibships with no evidence of mental illness. RESULTS: There appears to be a gradient in cognitive performance (worst to best) from individuals currently affected by psychotic illnesses (Cohen's d = -.82), followed by individuals currently affected by nonpsychotic illness (Cohen's d = -.58), unaffected siblings of individuals affected by psychotic illness (Cohen's d = -.37), unaffected siblings of individuals affected by nonpsychotic illness (Cohen's d = -.27), and members of sibships with no evidence of mental illness. Unaffected siblings of both psychotic and nonpsychotic individuals from multiple affected sibships (more then one affected sibling) had worse cognitive test scores compared with unaffected siblings from simplex sibships (only one affected sibling). CONCLUSIONS: The results support, but do not prove, the notion that cognitive impairment in psychiatric disorders is familial and cuts across diagnostic entities.
Assuntos
Transtornos Cognitivos/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Transtornos Mentais/genética , Transtornos Psicóticos/genética , Adolescente , Transtornos Cognitivos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Cognitivos/psicologia , Estudos de Coortes , Predisposição Genética para Doença/psicologia , Humanos , Israel , Masculino , Programas de Rastreamento , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Militares/psicologia , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Determinação da Personalidade , Transtornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Psicóticos/psicologia , IrmãosRESUMO
This study verified variations in suicide rates throughout the days of the week among Israel Defense Force soldiers during 1974 - 2001. Results confirmed the findings of most previous studies. The first workday was associated with a 60% increase in suicide rate among young men. This increase was not observed among female reserve or professional soldiers. This finding might indicate a particular susceptibility of men to contextual and situational factors. The explanation of the increased suicide risk on the first workday stresses such processes as the broken-promise effect as well as difficulty in facing the demands of service and transitions from the weekend to the workweek.
