Effects of copper, zinc, and manganese source and inclusion during late gestation on beef cow-calf performance, mineral transfer, and metabolism.

To determine effects of Cu, Zn, and Mn source and inclusion during late gestation, multiparous beef cows [n = 48; 649 ±â€…80 kg body weight (BW); 5.3 ±â€…0.5 body condition score (BCS)] were individually-fed hay and supplement to meet or exceed all nutrient recommendations except Cu, Zn, and Mn. From 91.2 ±â€…6.2 d pre-calving to 11.0 ±â€…3.2 d post-calving, cows received: no additional Cu, Zn, or Mn (control, CON), sulfate-based Cu, Zn, and Mn (inorganic, ITM) or metal methionine hydroxy analogue chelates (MMHAC) of Cu, Zn, and Mn at 133% recommendations, or a combination of inorganic and chelated Cu, Zn, and Mn (reduce and replace, RR) to meet 100% of recommendations. Data were analyzed with treatment and breeding group (and calf sex if P < 0.25 for offspring measures) as fixed effects, animal as experimental unit, and sampling time as a repeated effect for serum, plasma, and milk measures over time. Post-calving cow liver Cu was greater (P ≤ 0.07) in MMHAC compared with all other treatments. Calves born to RR had greater (P ≤ 0.05) liver Cu than ITM and CON, and MMHAC had greater (P = 0.06) liver Cu than CON. Liver Mn was less (P ≤ 0.08) for RR calves than all other treatments. Calf plasma Zn was maintained (P ≥ 0.15) from 0 to 48 h of age in ITM and MMHAC but decreased (P ≤ 0.03) in CON and RR. Gestational cow BW, BCS, and metabolites were not affected (P ≥ 0.13) by treatment, but gestational serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were greater (P = 0.01) for CON than MMHAC. Treatment did not affect (P ≥ 0.13) calf birth size, vigor, placental size and minerals, or transfer of passive immunity. Neonatal calf serum Ca was greater (P ≤ 0.05) for MMHAC than all other treatments; other calf serum chemistry and plasma cortisol were not affected (P ≥ 0.12). Pre-suckling colostrum yield, and lactose concentration and content, were greater (P ≤ 0.06) for MMHAC compared with ITM and RR. Colostral triglyceride and protein concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.08) for RR than MMHAC and CON. Cow lactational BW and BCS, milk yield and composition, and pre-weaning calf BW and metabolism were not affected (P ≥ 0.13) by treatment. Lactational serum TBARS were greater (P = 0.04) for RR than CON at day 35 and greater (P ≤ 0.09) for MMHAC at day 60 than all other treatments. Source and inclusion of Cu, Zn, and Mn altered maternal and neonatal calf mineral status, but calf size and vigor at birth, passive transfer, and pre-weaning growth were not affected in this study.

Selecting goats for juniper consumption did not improve their liver Phase I detoxification.

A sodium pentobarbital-induced sleep time study was conducted on 15 adult intact male Boer × Spanish goats selected for high (J+, n = 7) or low (J-, n = 8) juniper consumption (estimated breeding values of 13.1 ± 1.0 and -14.3 ± 0.8, respectively; mean ± standard deviation). Pentobarbital sleep time is an in vivo assay of Phase I hepatic metabolism that can be induced by exposure to barbiturates and monoterpenes. Monoterpenes and pentobarbital are initially oxidized by this pathway; thus, we hypothesized that J+ goats would have shorter sleep times than J- goats. Time to the righting reflex after pentobarbital-induced sleep was measured in all goats following a minimum period of 21 d on three different diets: 1) grazing juniper-infested rangeland (JIR), 2) forage diet with no monoterpenes (M0), and 3) forage diet with 8 g/kg added monoterpenes from camphor, sabinene, and α-pinene in a w/w ratio of 5:4:1 (M+). Fecal samples from the JIR diet were analyzed with near-infrared spectroscopy for the percentage of juniper in the diet. Fecal samples from the JIR and M+ diets were analyzed for camphor and sabinene concentrations. The percentage of juniper in the diet of J+ goats grazing rangelands was greater (P = 0.001) than J- goats (31.1% and 18.6%, respectively). Sleep time did not differ between selection lines (P = 0.36). However, the sleep time of the goats fed M+ diet was 26 min shorter (P < 0.001) than JIR or M0 diets, which were equal. The concentration of camphor and sabinene in the feces was higher (P < 0.001) for goats on the M+ diet than on the JIR diet. There were no differences between selection lines in the serum enzymes indicative of liver disease (aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and glutamate dehydrogenase; P > 0.12), and all treatment means were within the reference interval. Selecting goats for juniper consumption did not affect the Phase I detoxification system, and several alternative hypotheses for differences in juniper consumption between J+ and J- goats are discussed.

Juniper is an encroaching woody plant with high levels of essential oils and condensed tannins that can limit its consumption by herbivores. Goats were divergently selected for 15 yr to increase or decrease their juniper consumption. This study was conducted to determine if a physiological pathway for metabolism of essential oils differed between high and low juniper-consuming goat lines. The metabolic pathway for the elimination of essential oils is similar to that of the barbiturate pentobarbital. A pentobarbital-induced sleep time was used to detect differences in detoxification rates between the divergent goat lines selectively bred for either a high or low percentage of juniper in their diet. We hypothesized that high juniper-consuming goats would have shorter sleep times, indicating their detoxification pathway was more active. However, there was no difference between these lines. Additionally, there were no differences between the selection lines in blood metabolites that indicate liver tissue damage or liver weights. Therefore, higher dietary juniper preference may be associated with other detoxification mechanisms, may not be limited by essential oils, or may be a socially facilitated learned behavior.

A systematic review of the utility of biomarkers as aids in the early diagnosis and outcome prediction of bovine respiratory disease complex in feedlot cattle.

Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is a common, serious problem in feedlot cattle worldwide. Early diagnosis and outcome prediction are critical for making decisions to prevent economic loss and to limit antimicrobial use. Diagnosing BRDC is commonly based on visual signs and behavioral changes; both assessments are considered to have low diagnostic accuracy. Biomarkers are important for supporting the diagnosis of BRDC, determining the necessity and potential outcomes of treatment, and assisting in research in which differentiating diseased animals is required. There are few reviews summarizing the biomarkers available and utilized. We systematically evaluated the detection and prognostic potential of biomarkers from the literature published between January 1990 and December 2020. We performed a descriptive analysis of 5 biomarker categories: acute-phase proteins, stress-related hormones, other blood biomarkers, omics biomarkers, and non-blood biomarkers. The retrieved articles consisted of studies or trials that assessed the detection value and treatment and/or outcome prediction efficacy of biomarkers for BRDC in feedlot cattle; 23 manuscripts for review and analysis satisfied the selection criteria. Based on our review, we cannot recommend a specific biomarker as the sole method for the early detection or outcome prediction for BRDC, given that the application and efficacy of biomarkers varies in different situations. Our systematic review may serve as a reference for clinical and research investigations of early detection and outcome prediction of BRDC.

An outbreak of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri arthritis in young goats: a case study.

Mycoplasmosis is a well-known cause of morbidity and mortality in small ruminants. Previously recognized outbreaks have involved arthritis, and pneumonia or pleuropneumonia. Modern bacteriology procedures rely less on isolation techniques that require special media for mollicutes given that these species are notoriously difficult to isolate, and rely more on PCR tests. We report an outbreak of arthritis, pleuropneumonia, and mild meningitis affecting dairy goat kids, spanning a period of 3 y, which had unusual epidemiologic characteristics related to husbandry practices. Lesions were characterized by polyarthritis of the appendicular joints, with copious joint fluid and extension of arthritic exudate beyond the joint itself. The cause remained unknown until serendipitous isolation of a mycoplasma on blood agar. Mycoplasmosis was not detected from synovial samples by a general mycoplasma PCR, despite multiple attempts. Isolated colonies were also negative by this general PCR assay. The isolate was identified as Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri, using universal 16S primers and amplicon sequencing. Testing of additional isolates from other diseased goats in the herd confirmed that this was the cause of illness. A failure to recognize the distinct nature of organisms of the M. mycoides group of mycoplasmas meant that a PCR test that cannot detect this group of organisms was utilized at first, and the etiology of the illness was overlooked for a period of time. Veterinary pathologists and microbiologists must be aware of the limitations of some PCR assays when confronted with joint disease and pleuropneumonia in small ruminants.

Immune complex glomerulonephritis of suspected iatrogenic origin in five Japanese Black calves.

Five Japanese Black embryo transfer calves from a single embryo flush, 30 to 45-days-old, including 4 live animals for clinical examination and 1 dead for necropsy, were presented with a history of decreased milk intake and hypoproteinemia. Consistent clinicopathological abnormalities in the 4 calves presented for clinical evaluation included hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperbilirubinemia, increased creatine phosphokinase activity, and proteinuria. Four calves ultimately were necropsied and all had histologic evidence of immune complex glomerulonephritis. Glomerulonephritis in these calves was hypothesized to have resulted from the interaction of passively acquired antibodies at birth and active immunization at 7 and 28 days of age with a Salmonella Typhimurium core antigen vaccine.