RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine the potential benefits of sedation in adults undergoing fine needle aspiration (FNA) of thyroid nodules. METHODS: This retrospective study compared the outcomes of sedated and non-sedated FNA patients. RESULTS: A total of 860 patients underwent 1698 FNAs of thyroid nodules. The mean patient age was 52.4±14.4 years, and 80.2% of patients were women. The non-sedated group consisted of 782 patients with 1543 (93.5%) FNA procedures. The sedated group consisted of 66 patients who underwent 107 (6.5%) FNAs. There was no statistical difference between these groups with respect to age, gender, nodule size, nodule vascularity, non-diagnostic sample rate and post FNA hematoma (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Performing FNA of thyroid nodules in adult patients under sedation is not associated with a higher diagnostic yield or lower bleeding rate when compared to local anesthesia. Sedation should be judiciously used on only very anxious patients due to the increased overall cost.
Assuntos
Anestesia Local/métodos , Sedação Consciente/métodos , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide/diagnóstico , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Biópsia por Agulha Fina/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
During the effector CD8+ T-cell response, transcriptional differentiation programs are engaged that promote effector T cells with varying memory potential. Although these differentiation programs have been used to explain which cells die as effectors and which cells survive and become memory cells, it is unclear if the lack of cell death enhances memory. Here, we investigated effector CD8+ T-cell fate in mice whose death program has been largely disabled because of the loss of Bim. Interestingly, the absence of Bim resulted in a significant enhancement of effector CD8+ T cells with more memory potential. Bim-driven control of memory T-cell development required T-cell-specific, but not dendritic cell-specific, expression of Bim. Both total and T-cell-specific loss of Bim promoted skewing toward memory precursors, by enhancing the survival of memory precursors, and limiting the availability of IL-15. Decreased IL-15 availability in Bim-deficient mice facilitated the elimination of cells with less memory potential via the additional pro-apoptotic molecules Noxa and Puma. Combined, these data show that Bim controls memory development by limiting the survival of pre-memory effector cells. Further, by preventing the consumption of IL-15, Bim limits the role of Noxa and Puma in causing the death of effector cells with less memory potential.
Assuntos
Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Memória Imunológica/fisiologia , Interleucina-15/imunologia , Proteínas de Membrana/imunologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/imunologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/imunologia , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/imunologia , Animais , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/genética , Proteína 11 Semelhante a Bcl-2 , Interleucina-15/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/genética , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/genéticaRESUMO
We have examined the effect of the F plasmid TraY protein on tra gene expression in vivo. Expression was assayed as alkaline phosphatase activity in cells containing a traY phi(traA'-'phoA)hyb operon under traY promoter control. Amber mutations in traY significantly reduced alkaline phosphatase activity. Since nonsense polarity effects were minimal, if they occurred at all, these data provide the first direct evidence that TraY regulates tra gene expression.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/biossíntese , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA , Proteínas de Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli/genética , Fator F/genética , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Fosfatase Alcalina/biossíntese , Fosfatase Alcalina/genética , Códon de Terminação , Conjugação Genética , Mutação , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/biossínteseRESUMO
In two experiments, we explored the degree to which sentence context effects operate at a lexical or conceptual level by examining the processing of mixed-language sentences by fluent Spanish-English bilinguals. In Experiment 1, subjects' eye movements were monitored while they read English sentences in which sentence constraint, word frequency, and language of target word were manipulated. A frequency x constraint interaction was found when target words appeared in Spanish, but not in English. First fixation durations were longer for high-frequency Spanish words when these were embedded in high-constraint sentences than in low-constraint sentences. This result suggests that the conceptual restrictions produced by the sentence context were met, but that the lexical restrictions were not. The same result did not occur for low-frequency Spanish words, presumably because the slower access of low-frequency words provided more processing time for the resolution of this conflict. Similar results were found in Experiment 2 using rapid serial visual presentation when subjects named the target words aloud. It appears that sentence context effects are influenced by both semantic/conceptual and lexical information.
