Hernia among Patients Admitted to the Department of Surgery of a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

Introduction: Hernia is one of the most common surgery-requiring conditions. Despite this, hernia still needs to be studied in more detail. The main objective of the study was to find out the prevalence of hernia among patients admitted to the Department of Surgery of a tertiary care centre. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among patients admitted to the Department of Surgery of a tertiary care centre from 1 July 2021 to 31 December 2022. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 202/2079/80). The patient admitted to the Department of Surgery during the study period was included and those with incomplete data were excluded. A convenience sampling method was used. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated. Results: Among 3236 patients, the prevalence of hernia was 749 (23.14%) (21.69-24.59, 95% Confidence Interval). The inguinal hernia was the most common type found in 574 (77.25%), followed by an umbilical hernia in 64 (8.61%). A total of 79 (10.55%) had comorbidity among patients with hernia. Conclusions: The prevalence of hernia in our study was found to be higher than in other studies done in similar setting. Easily accessible health facilities, competent primary surgical care and health education should be taken into account by the policymakers to reduce the morbidity and mortality of this condition. Keywords: hernia; inguinal hernia; prevalence; surgery; umbilical hernia.

Systematic Review of Authentication and Authorization Advancements for the Internet of Things.

Technologies for the Internet of Things (IoT) are maturing, yet no common standards dictate their direction, leaving space for a plethora of research directions and opportunities. Among the most important IoT topics is security. When we design a robust system, it is important to know the available options for facing common tasks related to access control, authentication, and authorization. In this review, we systematically analyze 1622 peer-reviewed publications from October 2017 to December 2020 to find the taxonomy of security solutions. In addition, we assess and categorize current practices related to IoT security solutions, commonly involved technologies, and standards applied in recent research. This manuscript provides a practical road map to recent research, guiding the reader and providing an overview of recent research efforts.