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1.
Health Econ ; 30(9): 2264-2283, 2021 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34219319

RESUMO

We examine the effects of policies aimed at restricting the use of false identification to purchase alcohol on traffic fatalities involving alcohol-impaired underage drivers. We find that the implementation of policies that incentivize alcohol retailers to adopt ID scanners reduces traffic fatalities from accidents involving 16-18 year old drivers with a BAC >0, but we do not find that similar policies like vertical ID laws lead to statistically significant changes in traffic fatalities involving underage impaired drivers. A back-of-the-envelope calculation suggests that if all remaining states passed ID scanner laws, the reduction in underage alcohol-related fatal accidents would generate over $400 million in annual economic benefits.


Assuntos
Condução de Veículo , Acidentes de Trânsito , Adolescente , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Humanos , Políticas , Estados Unidos
2.
J Econ Behav Organ ; 182: 311-330, 2021 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33362321

RESUMO

We study the spread of COVID-19 infections and deaths by county poverty level in the US. In the beginning of the pandemic, counties with either very low poverty levels or very high poverty levels reported the highest numbers of cases. A U-shaped relationship prevails for counties with high population density while among counties with low population density, only poorer counties report high incidence rates of COVID-19. Second, we discuss the pattern of infections spreading from higher to lower income counties. Third, we show that stay-at-home mandates caused significantly higher reductions in mobility in high income counties that experienced adverse weather shocks than counties that did not. These effects are not present in counties with high poverty rates. Using weather shocks in combination with stay-at-home mandates as an instrument for social distancing, we find that measures taken to promote social distancing helped curb infections in high income counties but not in low income counties. These results have important policy implications for containing the spread of infectious diseases in the future.

3.
Econ Hum Biol ; 39: 100894, 2020 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32759047

RESUMO

By using data from the National Vital Statistics System, this study provides an in-depth investigation of the well-documented mother's education- infant health gradient. The study allows for differential relationship between mother's education and infant health outcomes across localities based on income status by using birthweight and low birthweight as health measures. The results show that mother's education- infant birthweight relationship is more concentrated at relatively poor geographic areas. This can partially be explained by increases in utilization of health services among educated mothers residing in poorer areas compared to mothers with lower levels of education. Although the magnitude of education-health gradient has decreased in recent years, the gradient is still more pronounced in poorer localities. Access to health care during pregnancy, measured by adequacy of care, has improved particularly among less educated mothers living in poorer areas. However, smoking participation during pregnancy has declined substantially among less educated mothers across all geographic localities in recent years. Additionally, mother's education-infant health gradient is similar across black and white race groups.


Assuntos
Escolaridade , Saúde do Lactente/estatística & dados numéricos , Mães/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Peso ao Nascer , Feminino , Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde , Pobreza , Gravidez , Características de Residência , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia
4.
Forum Health Econ Policy ; 20(1)2017 May 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31419902

RESUMO

The primary goal of the federal dependent coverage mandate was to increase health insurance coverage among young adults, the group with the lowest prevalence of health insurance coverage. To understand the full impacts of the federal dependent coverage mandate, it is important to evaluate how the mandate affects labor market activities and time spent away from work among young adults. Using data from the Consumer Population Survey (CPS) and the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) and implementing a difference-in-differences framework, we find: (1) Young adults substitute employer sponsored insurance for dependent coverage, (2) Affected individuals reduce their work time and switch from full- to part-time employment, and (3) The additional time from reduced labor market activity is reallocated towards more time spent on leisure activities, mainly watching television. The effects of the mandate on labor market activities are stronger in later years. Furthermore, we show that young adults do not increase the time they spend on activities that could enhance their human capital such as education and health, which reemphasizes potential unintended consequences of the mandate. These findings suggest that future work is necessary to fully understand the overall welfare effects of the policy.

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