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OBJECTIVE@#This study aimed to investigate the association between fruit and vegetable intake and arterial stiffness.@*METHODS@#We conducted a cohort-based study comprising 6,628 participants with arterial stiffness information in the Prediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in China (China-PAR) project. A semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire was used to assess baseline (2007-2008) and recent (2018-2021) fruit and vegetable intake. We assessed changes in fruit and vegetable intake from 2007-2008 to 2018-2021 in 6,481 participants. Arterial stiffness was measured using the arterial velocity-pulse index (AVI) and arterial pressure-volume index (API). Elevated AVI and API values were defined according to diverse age reference ranges.@*RESULTS@#Multivariable-adjusted linear regression models revealed that every 100 g/d increment in fruit and vegetable intake was associated with a 0.11 decrease in AVI ( B= -0.11; 95% confidence interval [ CI]: -0.20, -0.02) on average, rather than API ( B = 0.02; 95% CI: -0.09, 0.13). The risk of elevated AVI (odds ratio [ OR] = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.70, 0.97) is 18% lower in individuals with high intake (≥ 500 g/d) than in those with low intake (< 500 g/d). Furthermore, maintaining a high intake in the past median of 11.5 years of follow-up was associated with an even lower risk of elevated AVI compared with a low intake at both baseline and follow-up ( OR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.49, 0.83).@*CONCLUSION@#Fruit and vegetable intake was negatively associated with arterial stiffness, emphasizing recommendations for adherence to fruit and vegetable intake for the prevention of arterial stiffness.
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Humanos , Rigidez Vascular , Frutas , Verduras , Aterosclerose , ChinaRESUMO
BACKGROUND@#The benefits of healthy lifestyles are well recognized. However, the extent to which improving unhealthy lifestyles reduces cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk needs to be discussed. We evaluated the impact of lifestyle improvement on CVD incidence using data from the China-PAR project (Prediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in China).@*METHODS@#A total of 12,588 participants free of CVD were followed up for three visits after the baseline examination. Changes in four lifestyle factors (LFs) (smoking, diet, physical activity, and alcohol consumption) were assessed through questionnaires from the baseline to the first follow-up visit. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The risk advancement periods (RAPs: the age difference between exposed and unexposed participants reaching the same incident CVD risk) and population-attributable risk percentage (PAR%) were also calculated.@*RESULTS@#A total of 909 incident CVD cases occurred over a median follow-up of 11.14 years. Compared with maintaining 0-1 healthy LFs, maintaining 3-4 healthy LFs was associated with a 40% risk reduction of incident CVD (HR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.45-0.79) and delayed CVD risk by 6.31 years (RAP: -6.31 [-9.92, -2.70] years). The PAR% of maintaining 3-4 unhealthy LFs was 22.0% compared to maintaining 0-1 unhealthy LFs. Besides, compared with maintaining two healthy LFs, improving healthy LFs from 2 to 3-4 was associated with a 23% lower risk of CVD (HR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.60-0.98).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Long-term sustenance of healthy lifestyles or improving unhealthy lifestyles can reduce and delay CVD risk.
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Objective: To evaluate the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), ischemic and hemorrhagic cardiovascular events among Chinese diabetic patients aged 40 years and above with different CVD risk levels. Methods: This study enrolled participants aged 40 years and above in 15 provinces from a prospective cohort study, the China-PAR project (Prediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in China). Participants were categorized into two groups according to the presence or absence of diabetes at baseline. Individuals were further classified into low (0-4.9%), moderate (5%-9.9%) and high risk groups (≥10%), based on predicted ten-year CVD risk using the China-PAR equations. Two followed-up surveys were conducted between 2007 and 2015 to identify CVD events, which were defined as nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, or death due to coronary heart disease, or stroke. Ischemic cardiovascular events included nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, or death due to coronary heart disease, or ischemic stroke. Hemorrhagic cardiovascular events included subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage. The incidences of CVD, ischemic and hemorrhagic cardiovascular events were compared in diabetes and non-diabetes population with different CVD risk levels. Results: This study included 89 209 participants aged 40 years and above, the average follow-up period was 8.5 years. The age was (54.8±9.4) years, and 36 794 (41.2%) were men, and 5 730 (6.4%) were diabetic patients. In diabetes patients aged 40 years and above, 53.7% (3 075/5 730) were at high risk of CVD. Age-and sex-adjusted incidence of CVD, ischemic and hemorrhagic cardiovascular events (1 066.93/100 000 person-years, 824.23/100 000 person-years, and 211.56/100 000 person-years) were significantly lower in diabetes patients than those in non-diabetes population with high CVD risk (1 773.73/100 000 person-years, 1 228.18/100 000 person-years, and 446.49/100 000 person-years) (all P<0.001). Among high CVD risk populations, incidence of ischemic events was significantly higher in diabetic patients than in non-diabetes population (1 638.47/100 000 person-years vs. 1 228.18/100 000 person-years, P<0.001), but incidence of hemorrhagic events tended to be lower in diabetic patients than in non-diabetes population (415.70/100 000 person-years vs. 446.49/100 000 person-years, P=0.635). Incidence of ischemic and hemorrhagic events were similar between diabetes patients and non-diabetes population at low or moderate CVD risk groups (all P>0.05). Conclusions: More than half of diabetes patients aged 40 years and above in China have high CVD risk. The incidence of CVD, ischemic and hemorrhagic cardiovascular events are different in diabetic patients with different CVD risk levels.
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Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , China/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Incidência , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The objective of this study is to develop an effective emotion recognition system based on ECG. The proposed emotion recognition system is capable of differentiating four kinds of emotions, namely neutral, happiness, stress, and sadness, based on the heart rate variability (HRV). Ten male subjects were involved in the study. Both visual and auditory stimuli were used to stimulate the emotions. Four categories of HRV features, namely time-domain, frequency-domain, Poincare plot, and differential features, were exploited to characterize the physiological changes during the affective stimuli. The support vector machine (SVM) was employed as the classifier. The genetic algorithm (GA) was exploited as feature selector. Without feature selector, only 52.2% recognition rate was achieved. However, with the GA feature selector, an optimal recognition rate of 90% was achieved. Compared with other user-independent systems published in the literature, the proposed method achieves an accuracy of 90% which is demonstrated to be the most effective for discriminating four kinds of emotions with user-independent design policy.
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Frequência Cardíaca , Emoções , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Genéticos , Máquina de Vetores de SuporteRESUMO
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Increased blood pressure and elevated total cholesterol (TC) level are the two most important modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the world. Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia co-exist more often than would be expected and whether there is a synergistic impact on fatal CVD between elevated TC and hypertension need to be further examined in Chinese population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We conducted a cohort study which recruited 5092 Chinese male steelworkers aged 18 - 74 years in 1974 - 1980 and followed up for an average of 20.84 years. Totally 302 fatal CVD events were documented by the year of 2001. Cox proportional hazards regression models were undertaken to adjust for baseline variables with fatal CVD events as the outcome variable. Additive interaction model was used to evaluate the interaction between elevated TC and hypertension.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Hypercholesterolemia and hypertension were significantly associated with an increased hazard ratio (HR) of fatal CVD (1.67 (95%CI 1.18 - 2.38) and 2.91 (95%CI 2.23 - 3.80) respectively. Compared to participants with normotension and TC < 240 mg/dl, the HRs were 1.11 (95%CI 0.56 - 2.21), 2.74 (95%CI 2.07 - 3.64) for hypercholesterolemia and hypertension respectively, and 5.51 (95%CI 3.58 - 8.46) for participants with both risk factors. There was an additive interaction with a 2.65 (95%CI 0.45 - 4.85) relative excess risk (RERI) between hypercholesterolemia and hypertension on CVD.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>We found that the risk of fatal CVD was significantly associated with an additive interaction due to hypercholesterolemia and hypertension besides a conventional main effect derived from either of them, which highlights that the prevention and treatment of both risk factors might improve the individual risk profile thus reduce the CVD mortality.</p>
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Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Povo Asiático , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Sangue , Mortalidade , Colesterol , Sangue , Hipercolesterolemia , Sangue , Hipertensão , Sangue , AçoRESUMO
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Total cholesterol (TC) is an important risk factor for myocardial infarction (MI), but the effect of TC on MI in Chinese male hypertension population has not been well documented. We conducted a prospective cohort study to determine the incidence and relative risk for MI across a wide range of TC levels in Chinese male hypertension population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cohort of 5298 male employees aged 18-74 years recruited from Capital Steel and Iron Company in Beijing of China in 1974-1980 was followed up for an average of 20.84 years. A total of 122 incident MI cases were identified during the period of follow-up.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The incidence of MI among participants with elevated TC and those with desirable TC in male non-hypertension population was 137.20 and 63.81 per 100,000 person-years, respectively; and the corresponding incidence in male hypertension population was 279.80 and 130.96 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. After adjustment for important covariables, 10.38%, 16.71%, and 23.80% of MI cases were attributable to hypertension, elevated TC, and hypertension plus elevated TC, respectively. In male hypertension population, the multivariate adjusted hazard ratios of MI were 1.21, 2.39, 3.38, and 3.95 for participants with TC level of 5.17-5.68, 5.69-6.20, 6.21-6.71, and > or = 6.72 mmol/L, compared with those with TC < 5.17 mmol/L. The corresponding population attributable risks were 2.92%, 9.20%, 8.87%, and 9.84%, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Elevated TC is an important independent risk factor of MI both in male non-hypertension and hypertension populations. There is a linear association between TC level and MI incidence in Chinese male hypertension population.</p>
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Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , China , Epidemiologia , Colesterol , Sangue , Hipertensão , Sangue , Epidemiologia , Incidência , Estudos Longitudinais , Infarto do Miocárdio , Sangue , Epidemiologia , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) plays an important role in the smooth muscle cell relaxation and thereby participates in the development of hypertension. Cystathionine gamma-lyase is the key enzyme in the endogenous production of H(2)S. Up to now, the reports on the relationship between the polymorphisms of cystathionine gamma-lyase gene (CTH) and essential hypertension (EH) are limited. This study was designed to assess their underlying relationship.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 503 hypertensive patients and 490 age-, gender- and area-matched normotensive controls were enrolled in this study. Based on the FASTSNP, a web server to identify putative functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes, we selected two SNPs, rs482843 and rs1021737, in the CTH gene for genotyping. Genotyping was performed by the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism method (PCR-RFLP). The frequencies of the alleles and genotypes between cases and controls were compared by the chi-square test. The program Haplo. stats was used to investigate the relationship between the haplotypes and EH.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>These two SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium in both cases and controls. The genotype distribution and allele frequencies of them did not significantly differ between cases and controls (all P > 0.05). In the stepwise logistic regression analysis we failed to observe their association with hypertension. In addition, none of the four estimated haplotypes or diplotypes significantly increased or decreased the risk of hypertension before or after adjustment for several known risk factors.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The present study suggests that the SNPs rs482843 and rs1021737 of the CTH gene were not associated with essential hypertension in the Northern Chinese Han population. However, replications in other populations and further functional studies are still necessary to clarify the role of the CTH gene in the pathogenesis of EH.</p>
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Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Povo Asiático , China , Cistationina gama-Liase , Genética , Hipertensão , Genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo ÚnicoRESUMO
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Calpain-10 (CAPN10) has been identified as a susceptibility gene in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and insulin resistance. The present study aimed to identify the effects of genetic variations in the CAPN10 gene on the development of type 2 diabetes and hypertension in northern Han Chinese population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We performed a case-control study and genotyped single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-44, -43, -19 and -63 of CAPN10 gene in 1046 subjects from the northern China, including 493 patients with T2DM and hypertension and 553 age- and gender-matched normal healthy controls.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Univariate analysis showed that the four polymorphisms were not independently associated with T2DM and hypertension. However, the frequency distributions of SNP-44 allele C (allele 2) (17.89% vs 9.80%, P = 0.0016) and genotype CC (22) (4.21% vs 1.01%, P = 0.0059) in obese patients (body mass index > or = 30 kg/m2) were different from those in non-obese patients. Logistic regression analyses revealed that carriers of the 1112/1221 diplotype had a significantly lower odds ratio for diabetes and hypertension (OR = 0.399, 95% CI, 0.196 - 0.814, P = 0.0115). The 1112/1121 diplotype associated with significantly increased risk of type 2 diabetes in Mexican-American was not associated with the increased risk in Chinese.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These results suggested that CAPN10 gene variations might play roles in the risk of diabetes and hypertension in northern Han Chinese population.</p>
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Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Calpaína , Genética , China , Etnologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Etnologia , Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Haplótipos , Hipertensão , Etnologia , Genética , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Locos de Características QuantitativasRESUMO
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the association of the apolipoprotein B gene polymorphisms with essential hypertension in Northern Chinese Han population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>XbaI and EcoRI polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein B (APOB) gene were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) method in 503 unrelated hypertensive patients and 490 healthy controls recruited from international collaborative study of cardiovascular disease in Asia (InterAsia).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The difference in the genotypic distributions could be neglected across the groups. The prevalence of X+ allele in healthy controls (4.8%) was less frequent in Chinese, and there was no significant difference in the frequency of the X+ allele between cases (5.7%) and controls (P = 0.38). The observed E- allele frequencies were closely similar among groups (5.9% in cases vs 5.0% in controls, P = 0.39). Logitstic regression analyses revealed that the lack of association still persisted after adjustment of other environmental factors. Haplotype analysis showed that X-E+ was most frequent and no haplotype could significantly contribute to essential hypertension.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The APOB gene XbaI and EcoRI polymorphisms are not associated with essential hypertension in the Northern Chinese Han population. Future studies on single nucleotide polymorphisms in larger samples are needed to further investigate the possible contribution of the APOB gene to essential hypertension.</p>
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Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Apolipoproteínas B , Genética , Povo Asiático , Genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , China , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Hipertensão , Genética , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMO
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Nitric oxide (NO) synthesized by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) plays an important role in both the regulation of endothelial function and the control of blood pressure. Up to now, there has been conflicting data regarding the association between three clinically relevant polymorphisms (T-786C, intron4b/a and G894T) of the eNOS gene and essential hypertension.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>To examine the contribution of the three eNOS gene polymorphisms to the development of hypertension in the northern Han Chinese, a case-control study including 503 hypertensive cases and 490 age-, gender-, and area-matched controls recruited from the International Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease in Asia (InterASIA) was conducted. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The T-786C and intron4b/a polymorphisms were observed in significant linkage disequilibrium (D' = 0.87, P < 0.001). The minor allele frequencies of these three polymorphisms in healthy controls were much lower than those of Caucasians (9.3% vs 39.6% - 42.0%, 8.9% vs 15.0% - 16.0% and 10.9% vs 34.5% - 34.9% for -786C, intron4a and 894T, respectively). Genotype distributions and allele frequencies of the three polymorphisms did not differ between cases and controls (all P > 0.05). In addition, none of the eight estimated haplotypes significantly increased or decreased the risk of hypertension before or after adjustment for several known risk factors.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The study results suggest that the three eNOS gene polymorphisms are unlikely to be major genetic susceptibility factors for essential hypertension in the northern Han Chinese population.</p>
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Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , China , Etnologia , Haplótipos , Hipertensão , Genética , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III , Genética , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMO
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate whether the common variants 45T/G and 276G/T in APM1 gene were associated with hypertension combined with obesity (HO) and related clinical features in Chinese Han population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A case-control study design was applied. Common polymorphisms of 45T/G and 276G/T were genotyped by PCR product sequencing in 484 cases with HO and 502 controls with normal blood presure and BMI < 25.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The genotype and allele frequencies of 45T/G, 276G/T, and haplotype defined by the two variants in cases did not differ from those in controls. The means of blood pressure, BMI and waist-hip ratio did not differ among genotypes of the two polymorphisms and haplotypes. Among lipid profiles, only serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were significantly lower in T allele carriers than that in non-T carriers after adjusting possible confounding factors (1.21 vs 1.32 mmol/L, P=0.0001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Polymorphisms of 45T/G and 276G/T in APM1 gene are not associated with hypertension or obesity, or their clinical features in Chinese Han population. Common polymorphism of 45T/G might be associated with serum HDL-C levels in Chinese.</p>
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Humanos , Adiponectina , Genética , Fisiologia , Alelos , Povo Asiático , Genética , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos de Casos e Controles , China , Haplótipos , Hipertensão , Genética , Lipídeos , Sangue , Lipoproteínas HDL , Sangue , Obesidade , Genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Genética , Fisiologia , Grupos Populacionais , Relação Cintura-QuadrilRESUMO
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the prevalence of obesity and distribution of body mass index (BMI) in school children of four ethnic groups in Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 55508 school children of Han, Hui, Uygur and Kazak nationalities aged 8-18 years were selected by a cluster sampling from a districts of Urumqi City for anthropometric measurement and demographic survey. Prevalence of obesity and overweight and distribution of body mass index (BMI) by gender, age, and nationality were analyzed and compared. Cutoff points of BMI for defining obesity and overweight were based on the proposal set by the Working Group on Obesity in China (WGOC) to assess age-, gender- and nationality-specific prevalence of obesity and overweight.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Prevalence of obesity was 5.34%, 6.78%, 3.39 %, and 1.22% for boys and 2.61%, 1.83%, 1.78%, and 1.40% for girls of Han, Hui, Uygur and Kazak nationalities, respectively. Prevalence of obesity tended to decrease with age overall, whereas that of overweight increased with age in Han children.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Prevalence of obesity in school children in Urumqi varies with their nationalities and is lower than that of an average national level and a level of western countries. Obesity is more prevalent in boys than in girls of Urmuqi overall, which is just the opposite in Kazak children. Han boys and Hui girls have the highest prevalence of obesity and Kazak boys and girls have the lowest ones. Prevalence of obesity decreases with age, but that of overweight shows a different trend.</p>