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Aim To explore the diuretic effect, diuretic mechanism and pharmacokinetics of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb., and clarify its "quantity-time-effect" relationship.Methods Firstly, qualified rats were modeled by water load model, given different doses of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.aqueous extract, then the diuretic effect was investigated.Secondly, Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of aquaporins AQP2, AQP4 and the angiotensin II receptors ATGR1, ATGR2, and renin in the RAAS system in kidney tissues.Thirdly, the established LC-MS/MS biological analysis method was used to detect the esculentoside A(EsA)content in the plasma, calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters and analyze the correlation between the blood concentration and the drug effect.Results The water load model was successfully established.Compared with the model group, hydrochlorothiazide had a significant diuretic effect(P<0.01).Low, medium and high dose groups of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.all had obvious diuretic effects(P<0.01), EsA also had a significant diuretic effect(P<0.05).Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.aqueous extract and EsA significantly down-regulated the expression of AQP2, AQP4, ATGR1 and renin protein.The pharmacokinetic results showed that the Cmax and AUC0-t of EsA in the plasma of rats in the low, medium, and high dose groups of aqueous extract increased with the increase of the dose.Conclusions Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.had a diuretic effect, which is related to inhibiting the expression of aquaporins AQP2 and AQP4 and inhibiting the expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor and renin, thereby inhibiting the reabsorption of renal tubules and collecting ducts.
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ObjectiveTo evaluate the in vivo and in vitro toxicity of Evodia Fructus water extraction and its index components， and provide a basis for basic research on the toxic substances of Evodia Fructus. MethodInstitute of Cancer Research（ICR） mice were divided into high， medium and low dose groups of water extraction of Evodia Fructus and a blank control group. The administration groups were respectively given 80，60，40 g·kg-1 water extraction of Evodia Fructus， the blank control group was given distilled water in equal volume， blood was taken 24 hours later to determine the serum alanine aminotransferase（ALT）and aspartate aminotransferase（AST）values， the liver was weighed and histopathological examination was performed. Evodia Fructus water extract， evodiamine， rutaecarpine and limonin were respectively acted on HepG2 cells for 24 h， and cell counting kit-8（CCK-8） method was used to investigate the cytotoxicity. The ICR Mice were divided into two groups， one group was given by oral gavage and the other group was given intraperitoneal injection. The two routes of administration were separately given 3 index components of Evodia Fructus， and the dosage was 200 mg·kg-1. Take blood 24 hours after administration to determine the activity of ALT and AST in serum， and take liver to calculate liver index. ResultCompared with the blank group， the high and medium dose groups of Evodia Fructus water extract were depressed 24 hours after administration， and the behavior of the low dose group was not significantly abnormal. The serum biochemical results showed that the activities of serum ALT and AST in the high and medium dose groups were significantly increased （P<0.01）， the activities of serum ALT and AST in the low dose group were significantly increased， and the histopathological results showed that the high and medium dose groups were significantly increased Punctate necrosis and vacuolar degeneration appeared in the liver of the medium dose group， and there was no obvious abnormality in the low dose group. Compared with the blank group， evodiamine and rutaecarpine had a certain inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HepG2 cells， but the inhibitory effect was not strong. Limonin had no significant inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HepG2 cells. Compared with the control group， the 3 index components of Evodia Fructus have no effect after oral administration. There was no significant difference in the activity of ALT and AST in serum of mice， and there was no significant difference in liver index. Intraperitoneal injection of evodiamine and rutaecarpine can cause the activity of serum ALT and AST to increase， and limonin can cause ALT activity was significantly increased （P<0.01）， and the liver index was significantly increased （P<0.05）. ConclusionEvodia Fructus water extract can cause acute liver injury in mice， Oral administration of evodiamine， rutaecarpine and limonin had no damage to the liver of mice. Intraperitoneal administration of evodiamine and rutaecarpine had no effect on liver injury in mice， and intraperitoneal administration of limonin could cause acute liver injury in mice.
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Background: To adapt the scientific evaluation tool for the confusion evaluation of health rumors and to test this tool to the confusion evaluation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related health rumors on Chinese online platforms during the outbreak period of COVID-19in China. Methods: The design of our study was systematic evaluation of COVID-19-related health rumors. Retrieved from 7 rumor-repellent platforms, rumors about COVID-19 were collected during the publication from December 1, 2019, to February 6, 2020, and their origins were traced. Researchers evaluated rumors using the confusion evaluation tool in 6 dimensions(creators, evidence selection, evidence evaluation, evidence application, backing and publication platform, conflict of interest). Items were scored using a seven-point Likert scale. The scores were converted into percentages, and the median of rumors from different sources was compared with rank-sum test. Results: Our research included 127 rumors. Scores were converted to percentages, median and interquartile range are used to describe the data. The median score: creators 25.00%(interquartile range, IQR, 16.67-37.50%), evidence selection 27.78% (IQR, 13.89-44.44%),evidence evaluation 33.33% (IQR, 25.00-45.83%), evidence application 36.11% (IQR, 22.22-47.22%), backing and publication platform 8.33% (IQR, 4.17-20.83%), conflict of interest75.00% (IQR, 50.00-83.33%). Almost 40% rumors came from WeChat and the rumors with the lowest scores were concentrated on the WeChat platform. The rumors about prevention methods have relatively lower scores. Conclusion: Most rumors included were not highly confusing for evaluators of this project.WeChat is the "worst-hit area" of COVID-19 related health rumors. More than half rumors focus on the description of prevention methods, which reflects the panic, anxiety and blind conformity of the public under public health emergencies.
