[To the 100th anniversary of the birth of Professor Yu.S. Martynov]. / Yurii Stepanovich Martynov (K 100-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya).

The article is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of a prominent Soviet and Russian neurologist, professor, doctor of medical sciences Yuri Stepanovich Martynov. The article reflects the life of Yu.S. Martynov: his participation in the Great Patriotic War, subsequent scientific, medical and pedagogical activities. The authors highlight the contribution of Yu.S. Martynov and his school in the creation and development of new directions in neurology and clinical medicine.

[Neurophysiological assessment of persistent idiopathic facial pain]. / Neirofiziologicheskaia otsenka persistiruiushchei idiopaticheskoi litsevoi boli.

AIM: To study neurophysiological characteristics of persistent idiopathic facial pain (PIFP) in comparison to trigeminal neuralgia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-five patients with PIFP at the age from 25 to 74 years (42 women and 3 men), 25 patients with trigeminal neuralgia at the age from 25 to 84 (15 women and 10 men) and 20 healthy volunteers were examined. Multimodal evoked potentials (EP): brainstem auditory (BAEPs), trigeminal (TEPs) and sympathetic skin responses (SSRs) evoked potentials were recorded. EEG with functional tests (hyperventilation, rhythmical photic stimulation and test with eye opening) was recorded as well. RESULTS: The neurophysiological pattern of PIFP includes: 1) shortening of the latent period (LP) and an increase in peak amplitudes of short-latent components of the BAEPs on both sides in combination with signs of brainstem structure dysfunction (fusion of II-III or III-IV peaks, bifurcation of peaks and lengthening of inter-peaks intervals); 2) normal parameters of the TEPs; 3) an increase in the amplitude of autonomic components (sympathetic and parasympathetic without signs of predominance of the tone of this or that system), intensification of the autonomic reaction; 4) disorganization and acuity of the alpha rhythm, smoothing of zonal differences, presence of bilateral tapering alpha-, theta- or alpha-theta waves on the EEG. CONCLUSION: Patients with PIFP have significant changes in EP and EEG connected with brainstem structure dysfunction and irritation of subcortical structures and autonomic disorders.

[Clinical presentations, diagnosis and treatment of cerebral vein and sinus thrombosis]. / Klinika, diagnostika i lechenie tromboza mozgovykh ven i venoznykh sinusov.

The problem of thrombosis of cerebral veins and venous sinuses is insufficiently studied. The real incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis remains incompletely defined. The article presents results of clinical research on cerebral vein and sinus thrombosis, which served as a ground for an analysis of causes and development of the disease. In 20-35% of patients with cerebral venous thrombosis, this disease remains idiopathic after extensive investigation. Particular attention is given to risk factors, clinical presentations, early diagnosis, treatment, prognosis of cerebral vein and sinus thrombosis.

[Cerebro-cardial disorders in hemorrhagic stroke]. / Tserebrokardial'nye narusheniia pri gemorragicheskom insul'te.

AIM: To elucidate relationships brain-heart in hemorrhagic stroke depending on the size and location of hematoma and initial state of the heart. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical and paraclinical methods were used in acute and rehabilitation periods in 160 patients with hemorrhagic stroke. RESULTS: Symptoms of cerebrocardial syndrome in hemorrhagic stroke include arrhythmias (tachycardia, bradycardia, extrasystole, cardiac fibrillation, sick sinus syndrome), blocks (transient bundle-branch block), myocardial dystrophy, in IHD--ischemic myocardial disorders up to subendocardial myocardial infarction. Its severity in massive hemispherical hematomas was due to compression of the brain trunk. CONCLUSION: Pathogenesis of cerebrocardial syndrome rests on impaired central autonomic regulation occurring in stroke.

[Follow-up study of patients operated for traumatic subdural hematoma]. / Katamnez bol'nykh, operirovannykh po povodu travmaticheskikh subdural'nykh gematom.

In 56 patients operated for traumatic subdural hematomas clinical manifestations were analysed (8 main syndromes of the remote period) as well as the degree of neurologic rehabilitation and the level of social-occupational adaptation. Such adaptation appeared to be rather high: 66.1% of the patients were able to resume work. The highest lethality was in the acute period; the worst rehabilitation and follow-up adaptation were observed in elderly and old patients who were in comatose state before the operation and had severe accompanying contusion of the brain. Policy of drug treatment was determined in patients with traumatic subdural hematomas regarding peculiarities and manifestations of the syndromes (urgent operation, if necessary--cranioplasty, psychologic support in the remote period, resorption therapy and symptomatic drugs).

[Nervous system changes in adrenal failure]. / Izmenenie nervnoi sistemy pri nadpochechnikovoi nedostatochnosti.

AIM: To study nervous systems in chronic adrenal failure (CAF). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 262 patients with CAF were studied clinically, biochemically and electrophysiologically before and after treatment. RESULTS: The patients were found to have syndromes of vegetovascular dystonia by hypotonic type, syncopal paroxysms, myastenic, minor strokes, dyscirculatory-dysmetabolic encephalopathy, polyneuropathy. A direct correlation was established between the severity and duration of adrenal failure (AF), lowering of adrenal cortex hormones, coefficient Na/K and clinical manifestations of the neurological syndromes. Adequate hormone replacing and symptomatic therapy promoted a regress of neurological disorders in most of the patients especially in mild and moderate AF. CONCLUSION: Adequate therapy corrects neurological disturbances in patients with chronic NN.

[Role of autonomic nervous system in pathogenesis and clinical manifestation of arterial hypertension in Icenko-Cushing disease]. / Rol' vegetativnoi nervnoi sistemy v patogeneze i klinicheskikh proiavleniiakh arterial'noi gipertonii pri bolezni Itsenko-Kushinga.

AIM: To study the role of autonomic nervous system (ANS) in pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of arterial hypertension (AH) in Icenko-Cushing disease (ICD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical and paraclinical parameters (vegetative reflexes, special tables, 10 words memory and Spilberg's tests, ECG, electroencephalography, computed tomography, MR-tomography, hormonal status) were studied in 48 ICD patients before and after treatment (adenomectomy, irradiation of the hypophysis, adrenalectomy, parlodel, chlotidin chemotherapy). RESULTS: 94.5% of patients with active ICD had blood hypertension and vegetovascular asthenia. There was a trend to cerebrovascular impairment. In spite of biochemical and clinical ICD remission lipothemia persisted in many patients. CONCLUSION: Pathogenesis of blood hypertension in ICD is related to hypersecretion of ACTH and corticosteroids but further progress of the disease depends on phenotypic features of autonomic nervous system and developing defects of CNS.

[Spinal cord injury in multiple myeloma]. / [Porazhenie spinnogo mozga pri mnozhestvennoi mielome]

Myelomic spinal cord damage may be a result of both its compression and vascular disorders (squeezing of an artery, disorders of venous outflow). Diagnosis is based on evaluation of the following signs: normochromic anemia; increase of ESR, total protein and calcium levels; discovery of M-gradient in protein fractions of gamma-zone; multiple regions of destruction in spondylogramme. In doubtful cases magneto-resonance and computer tomography were the most informative. Highly effective was therapy with intensive chemoprogramme including either a range of preparations (alkeran, BGNU, cyclophosphan, adriblastina, prednisolon) or a combination of polychemotherapy with irradiation. The operation was indicated in both insufficiency of conservative therapy and increasing of the symptoms of the damage.

[The diagnosis, treatment and prevention of early stages of cerebral blood flow insufficiency]. / Diagnostika, lechenie i profilaktika rannikh stagii nedostatochnosti mozgovogo krovoobrashcheniia.

Biomicroscopy of bulbar conjuctiva as well as oencephalography were quite informative for discovery of subclinical manifestations of disorders of cerebral circulation (DCC). That conclusion resulted from the observation of 133 patients with early forms of vascular pathology of brain. Besides, to find the early signs, it was also worth while to perform some biochemical studies (coagulogram, studies of both rheologic properties and lipids of blood). In order to establish discirculatory encephalopathy it was also expedient to use ultrasonic dopplerography and electroencephalography. Efficiency of some medical-prophylactic measures (normalization of the diet, weight, muscular activity, administration of antiatherosclerotic drugs) that prevented the progression of aorta's stenosis was also demonstrated.

[The neurological aspects of chromaffinoma]. / Nevrologicheskie aspekty khromaffinomy.

Vegetative dysfunction with episodes of tachycardia, hypertension, paleness, general hyperhidrosis, subfebrile condition, hyperglycemia manifest first among clinical symptoms of chromaffinoma. In respect to these symptoms severity the crises observed in chromaffinoma are classified as minor or major. Major crises may be cerebral, epileptiform, cardial and abdominal. The crises are attributed to hypercatecholaminergic arterial hypertension. A reliable laboratory diagnosis of the disease involves urinary measurements of catecholamines and their metabolites. Manifold increase of the latter concentrations may serve the diagnostic indication. The only effective treatment is the removal of the tumor from the adrenals.

[Neurological changes in insulinoma]. / Nevrologicheskie izmeneniia pri insulinome.

Hypoglycemic disease is characterized by neurasthenic and encephalopathic syndromes. Three stages, an initial one, a stage marked by pronounced alterations and rehabilitation one (after insulinoma removal) were distinguished. Hypoglycemic paroxysms manifest themselves by syncopal, epileptic, pseudostroke and psychomotor excitation. Of paramount importance for diagnosis are EEG studies during fasting or rastinon test. Surgical removal of insulinoma results in normalization of neurological disturbances.

[Study of secretion and blood protein transport of testosterone in patients with neurogenic facial diseases]. / Issledovanie sekretsii i transporta testosterona belkami syvorotki krovi u bol'nykh s nevrogennymi zabolevaniiami litsa.

Altogether 85 patients with the painful syndromes in the facial and head areas were examined for secretion and transport of testosterone, the main androgen occurring in the body of adult man, by the blood proteins globulin- and albumin-binding sex steroids. All the women examined were in the menopause. The majority of the patients manifested hyperandrogenemia: a decrease in the concentration of sex steroids-binding globulin, rise of total testosterone and its free fraction in the blood serum as well as increase of the index of free androgens. Approaches to the correction of the revealed abnormalities and the role played by those abnormalities in the pathogenesis of the above-indicated diseases are under discussion.

[Carbohydrate metabolism disorders in stroke]. / Narusheniia uglevodnogo obmena pri insul'te.

In the acute period of cerebral stroke most patients develop disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. These disorders resemble the diabetic syndrome, but differ from the latter by their lability and absence of the signs of ketoacidosis. The intensity of the syndrome depends on the gravity of the stroke, size and localization of the focus, character of the process (the syndrome is more pronounced in cases of hemorrhagic strokes), and the state of the pancreas.