An interesting case of tonsillar tuberculosis in a 10-year-old boy.

Tuberculosis of the tonsils is a rare type of extra pulmonary tuberculosis. The secondary form is more common than the primary, usually caused by the contact with the infected sputum or saliva from a sputum smear positive case of tuberculosis. We report a primary form of tonsillar tuberculosis in 10-year-old boy, with no remote history suggestive of documented pulmonary tuberculosis. Local examination revealed Grade IV tonsillar hypertrophy and congestion of posterior pharyngeal wall. Management included, Coblation assisted adenotonsillectomy under general anaesthesia. Histopathological examination revealed features suggestive of chronic adenotonsillitis, multiple epithelioid granulomas with caseous necrosis, langhans type of giant cells with scant inflammatory infiltrate in the background.

Comparison of Antimicrobial Activity of Chlorhexidine, Coconut Oil, Probiotics, and Ketoconazole on Candida albicans Isolated in Children with Early Childhood Caries: An In Vitro Study.

Background. Early childhood caries (ECC) is associated with early colonisation and high levels of cariogenic microorganisms. With C. albicans being one of those, there is a need to determine the effectiveness of various chemotherapeutic agents against it. The study is aimed at isolating Candida species in children with ECC and at studying the antifungal effect of coconut oil, probiotics, Lactobacillus, and 0.2% chlorhexidine on C. albicans in comparison with ketoconazole. Materials and Methods. Samples were collected using sterile cotton swabs, swabbed on the tooth surfaces from children with ECC of 3 to 6 yrs and streaked on Sabouraud dextrose agar (HI Media) plates and incubated in a 5% CO2 enriched atmosphere at 37°C for 24 hours. Candida was isolated and its susceptibility to probiotics, chlorhexidine, ketoconazole, and coconut oil was determined using Disc Diffusion method. Results. The mean zone of inhibition for chlorhexidine was 21.8 mm, whereas for coconut oil it was 16.8 mm, for probiotics it was 13.5 mm, and for ketoconazole it was 22.3 mm. The difference between the groups was not statistically significant (Chi-square value 7.42, P value 0.06). Conclusion. Chlorhexidine and coconut oil have shown significant antifungal activity which is comparable with ketoconazole.

Protective effect of light emitting diode phototherapy on fluorescent light induced retinal damage in Wistar strain albino rats.

BACKGROUND: Artificial light at night alters retinal physiology. Several studies have shown that light emitting diode phototherapy protects the retina from the damaging effects of acute light exposure. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study has been to elucidate the protective effects of 670 nm LED light on retinal damage induced by chronic fluorescent light in Wistar rats. METHODS: Male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: group 1 were control (CL), group 2, 3 and 4 were exposed to fluorescent light (FL), LED preexposure+fluorescent light exposure (LL) and only LED light exposure (OL) respectively. All animals were maintained in their specific exposure regime for 30 days. Fluorescent light of 1800 lx was exposed between 8 pm to 8 am. Rats were exposed to therapeutic LED light of 670 nm of 9 J/cm2 at 25 mW/cm2 for 6 min duration. Histopathological changes in the retina were studied. RESULTS: Animals of the FL group showed a significant reduction in the outer nuclear layer thickness and cell count in addition to the total thickness of the retina. LL group which were exposed to 670 nm LED prior to exposure to fluorescent light showed a significant decrease in the degree of damage. CONCLUSIONS: 670 nm LED light preexposure is protective to retinal cells against fluorescent light-induced damage.

Second digit and fourth digit ratio--an adjunct tool to predict obstructive sleep apnea.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep related breathing disorder associated with high morbidity and mortality. Digit ratio (2D:4D) a sexually dimorphic trait is a putative indicator of prenatal testosterone exposure and adult testosterone level. Present study aimed at investigating the correlation between 2D:4D ratio and OSA based on the study conducted on 290 volunteered participants of both the sexes in the age range of 20-45 years. A significant negative correlation was observed for 2D:4D with OSA related parameters specifically Berlin score, Epworth score and certain key anthropometric measurements, neck circumference (NC) and waist-hip ratio (WHR). The study thus showed that lower 2D:4D ratio, increases risk of developing OSA and hence it can be used as an adjunct tool in the prediction of OSA.

Enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen generation over ZrO2-TiO2-CdS hybrid structure.

Hybrid photocatalysts with suitable band structures are expected to show enhanced photocatalytic activity as compared to their constituent single phase compounds due to their improved physico-chemical properties. Here, we report an enhanced photocatalytic activity of a new composite photocatalyst comprising of ZrO2, TiO2, and CdS. This hybrid catalyst exhibits increased photocatalytic activity for hydrogen generation from water as compared to their constituent compounds. The photocatalytic activity decreases in the order: ZrO2-TiO2-CdS>TiO2-CdS>ZrO2-CdS>CdS>ZrO2-TiO2≈TiO2>ZrO2. An apparent quantum efficiency of 11.5% is obtained for ZrO2-TiO2-CdS with Pd as co-catalyst. Absorption edge of the composite is slightly blue shifted compared with that of pure CdS. Photoluminescence lifetime studies indicate an increased lifetime for the charge carriers in the composite sample as compared to that of pure CdS. Transmission electron microscopy images reveal that the particle size of the composite is much less than that of single phase CdS. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of the composite is attributed to the decreased particle size of CdS and increased lifetime of the charge carriers resulting from the efficient interfacial transfer of photogenerated electrons at the CdS/TiO2 and CdS/ZrO2 interface.

Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic H2 generation over ternary indium titanate nanoparticles.

A low temperature surfactant-free solution-phase method has been successfully developed for the synthesis of ternary In2TiO5, nanoparticles using a solvothermal route. The mechanistic aspects of synthesis of In2TiO5 nanoparticles from precursors, In(acac)3 and Ti(IV) isopropoxide in benzyl alcohol at 220 degrees C under solvothermal conditions, were investigated by GC-MS and 13C{1H} NMR analysis. The N2-BET surface area of the 5-8 nm sized In2TiO5 nanoparticles was found to be 60 m2 g(-1), which decreased with increase in calcination temperature; 38 m2 g(-1) at 800 degrees C; 5 m2 g(-1) at 1200 degrees C. The High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) shows well-developed lattice fringes of the crystalline nanoparticles, and selected area electron diffraction (SAED), pattern was indexed to be orthorhombic In2TiO5. The nanoparticles show better photocatalytic hydrogen generation from water-methanol mixtures over bulk In2TiO5, anatase TiO2 nanoparticles prepared by identical route and commercial TiO2 photocatalyst (Degussa, P25) under UV-visible irradiation (16% UV + 84% visible). Photocatalytic properties as a function of crystallinity and surface area of indium titanate nanoparticles have also been investigated. The high photoactivity obtained is correlated with the electronic and crystal structure of In2TiO5.

Effect of REM sleep deprivation on the antioxidant status in the brain of Wistar rats.

BACKGROUND: Rapid eye movement [REM] sleep deprivation is a stressor. It results in a predictable syndrome of physiological changes in rats. It has been proposed that reactive oxygen species and the resulting oxidative stress may be responsible for some of the effects of sleep deprivation. PURPOSE: The present study was undertaken to investigate the reversible nature of the effects of 96 hours of REM sleep deprivation on lipid peroxidation and total reduced glutathione level in the hypothalamus, midbrain and hindbrain of Wistar strain rats. METHODS: The rats were deprived of REM sleep using the inverted flowerpot technique. All the animals were maintained in standard animal house condition with 12-h light and 12-h dark cycles. At the end of the stipulated time Jugular venous blood sample of 2 ml was collected under mild ether anesthesia for the assay of stress index, plasma corticosterone. Lipid peroxidation using thiobarbituric acid, total reduced glutathione using DTNB (GSH) were assayed in the brain regions dissected out. RESULTS: This study showed that 96 hours of REM sleep deprivation results in increased lipid peroxidation and reduction in total reduced glutathione level in the discrete regions of brain studied. However following restorative sleep for 24 hours all the changes reverts back to base line value. This study shows that oxidative stress produced by 96 hours of REM sleep deprivation is reversible. CONCLUSION: From this study it is clear that, REM sleep deprivation is a potent oxidative stressor. This could probably play a role in the behavioral and performance alteration seen in both experimental animals as well as humans following REM sleep deprivation. Further investigations in this line are needed to highlight the importance of REM sleep.

Effect of alpha-ketoglutarate on neurobehavioral, neurochemical and oxidative changes caused by sub-chronic cyanide poisoning in rats.

Recent studies revealed that alpha-ketoglutarate (A-KG) alone or with sodium thiosulfate (STS) provide significant protection against acute and sub-acute cyanide poisoning in rodents. This study addresses the protective effect of A-KG and/or STS in sub-chronic (90 days) cyanide poisoning. Wistar rats were divided into seven groups (n = 10): Control animals, potassium cyanide (KCN) A-KG, STS, KCN + A-KG, KCN + STS and KCN + A-KG + STS. Spontaneous motor activity and motor coordination were recorded every 15th day. Lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in blood, brain, liver and kidney, and glutamate, aspartate and dopamine in discrete regions of brain were measured following 90 days exposure. Cyanide significantly decreased motor coordination, accompanied by increase in LPO (blood, brain and liver) and dopamine (corpus striatum and cerebral cortex) levels, and depletion in GSH (blood, brain and liver), GPx (brain and liver), SOD (brain and liver), and CAT (blood and brain) levels. Although treatment of A-KG and STS alone significantly blunted the toxicity of KCN, concomitant use of both afforded the maximum protection. This study shows a promising role of A-KG and STS as treatment regime for long term cyanide exposure.

Mechanism of CO + N2O reaction via transient CO3(2-) species over crystalline Fe-substituted lanthanum titanates.

Some newer mechanistic aspects investigated by in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) in conjunction with catalytic activity under similar conditions over crystalline lanthanum titanates as a function of Fe substitution at the B-site for the CO + N(2)O reaction are reported for the first time in the present communication. La(2)Ti(2(1-x))Fe(2x)O(7-delta) (0.0 < or = x < or = 1.0) was synthesized by gel combustion where Fe(3+) substitution effectively enhanced the conversion rates for N(2)O reduction as compared to the pristine La(2)Ti(2)O(7) (LTOGC). Among all samples, maximum conversion over La(2)Ti(0.8)Fe(1.2)O(7-delta) [LF(0.6)GC] catalyst was observed. In situ FTIR results reveal that substitution-induced anionic vacancies/defects provide additional sites on the surface of LF(0.6)GC for CO chemisorptions, whereas a perfect stoichiometric lattice like LTOGC is devoid of such sites. Surface-adsorbed CO reacts with surface lattice oxygen in the case of nonstoichiometric LF(0.6)GC to produce carbonates (M-CO(3)(2-)) at a much lower temperature. The reaction proceeds via carbonate formation, leaving the catalytic surface oxygen deficient in LF(0.6)GC, and therefore facilitates the reduction of preadsorbed, N(2)O [N(2)O(g) + * --> N(2) + *-O) by easily adsorbing the oxygen species (*-O) generated in N(2)O reduction, which is subsequently driven away by adsorbed/gas phase CO, whereas in the case of LTOGC, progress of the reaction was sluggish in the absence of transient carbonate species. Dissociative chemisorptions of N(2)O are not facilitated on stoichiometric oxygen excess titanate, as there is no vacancy in the surface to accommodate another oxygen atom. The redox mechanism via CO(3)(2-) species is proposed for CO + N(2)O reaction over La(2)Ti(2(1-x))Fe(2x)O(7-delta), as against the associative mechanism observed in the unsubstituted sample, La(2)Ti(2)O(7), as suggested by in situ FTIR in conjunction with catalytic activity results.

Physico-Phytochemical investigation and Anti-inflammatory screening of Capsicum annum L. and Hemidesmus indicus (Linn.) R. Br.

Capsicum annum L. (Family: Solanaceae) and Hemidesmus indicus (Linn.) R.Br. (Family: Asclepiadaceae) are commonly used in Tamilnadufor treating various ailments in the native system of medicine. The hydroalcoholic extracts of both plants at dose level of 100 mg/kg body weight showed demonstrable anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced hind paw model in rats. Nevertheless, the overall anti-inflammatory activity exhibited by the extracts are found to be less as compared with that of standard drug Indometacin. Preliminary physico-phytochemical analysis of the plants in question were attempted. The results are highlighted and discussed.

Epidemiology of Diseases Caused by Xylella fastidiosa in California: Evaluation of Alfalfa as a Source of Vectors and Inocula.

Pierce's disease and almond leaf scorch disease have been chronic problems for California grape and almond growers, respectively. Both diseases are caused by the xylem-limited, bacterial pathogen Xylella fastidiosa, which is transmitted by xylem-feeding insects. We evaluated the potential for alfalfa to serve as a source of vectors and inocula in California. Analysis of Geographic Information Systems maps on the distribution and abundance of grape, almond, and alfalfa plantings determined that 94,521 ha of almond and grape were planted within 1.6 km of an alfalfa field. Seasonal trends of X. fastidiosa detection were monitored outdoors and in the greenhouse in five needle-inoculated alfalfa cultivars (CUF101, Moapa69, WL342, WL530HQ, and WL625HQ) over 2 years. Results suggest that cool winter temperatures reduced X. fastidiosa populations to undetectable levels but did not eliminate infections. Sampling of alfalfa fields to assess incidence of X. fastidiosa corroborated this result, with positive samples detected in summer only. Incidence of X. fastidiosa in alfalfa during summer was low, with only 6 positive samples out of 1,156 samples collected over 3 years. Insect trapping in alfalfa fields over 3 years found that the green sharpshooter (Draeculacephala minerva) was the most abundant vector. Within alfalfa fields, green sharpshooter abundance was highest in weedy areas, suggesting a preference for weeds over alfalfa. These results confirm that weedy alfalfa fields can serve as an important source of vectors. Incidence of X. fastidiosa in alfalfa was low, possibly due to preference of vectors for weeds over alfalfa.

Lipoma of tongue - A rare site for a rare site for a common tumour.

Lipoma is the commonest benign tumour occurring at any anatomical site where fat is present. In oral cavity and oropharynx it is a relatively uncommon neoplasm.. Tongue which is totally devoid of fat cells is also a site for lipoma albeit very rarely. This is one such rare case of the universal tumour, presenting at the lateral margin of the tongue, for which complete tumour excision was done.