Sociocultural and drug-related factors associated with adherence to iron-folic acid supplementation among pregnant women - A mixed-methods study.

BACKGROUND: The National Family Health Survey of India (NFHS-5) revealed a lapse in the advancement of mitigating anemia despite free supplementation of iron-folic acid tablets (IFAT) and improvement in IFAT coverage during pregnancy. The local sociocultural beliefs and community perspective toward IFAT are pivotal in reducing the gap between IFAT coverage and consumption. Hence, we proposed the study to assess adherence to IFAT among rural pregnant women and explore the associated factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was conducted as a mixed-methods study with a sequential exploratory design in a rural setting of the Model Rural Health Research Unit (MRHRU) from October 2020 to May 2021. Ten focus group discussions (FGDs; 8 - antenatal women, 1 - mother/mother-in-law, and 1 - health care worker) were conducted, and framework analysis was done to identify themes followed by a quantitative survey with a semi-structured questionnaire among antenatal women (n = 236). Logistic regression was used to analyze factors associated with adherence. RESULTS: The major themes that emerged from FGDs were the sociocultural factors (gender norms, communal fallacies), lack of awareness, and drug-related factors (unpalatability, misperceptions, and experienced side effects). Around 57% were adherent to IFAT. Side effects experienced on IFAT intake (P = 0.001, OR = 2.33), misconceptions regarding IFAT, like weight gain in IFAT use (P = 0.001, OR = 2.86), a big baby with IFAT use (P = 0.000, OR = 5.93) negatively influenced adherence. CONCLUSIONS: The significant gaps between IFAT coverage and consumption surrounded the unpleasant odor and stench of IFAT, side effects, lack of individualized counseling, and misperceptions regarding IFAT use.

Micronutrient Deficiency in Pregnancy: Time to Think Beyond Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation.

Background: Micronutrients play an important role in influencing pregnancy outcomes. Anemia is common among pregnant women against which iron and folic acid supplementation programs are already in action. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of anemic and selected micronutrient status among pregnant women. Materials and Methods: It is a community-based cross-sectional study. The study was carried out among pregnant women registered in Primary Health Center, Kallur, Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu, India, using a semi-structured data capture tool. The blood samples were collected following standard procedure. Results: The micronutrient status among 139 pregnant women were selenium <1%, copper <1%, zinc 11.5%, iodine 14.4%, Vitamin B12 41.7%, and ferritin 42.4%. Vitamin B12, zinc, and selenium levels showed a significant difference with reference values among the three trimesters. Iron and folic acid supplementation was followed by 58.7% of pregnant women. Multiple micronutrient deficiency with anemia was found among 54.6%. Conclusion: Anemia and micronutrient deficiency are high among pregnant women in this region. Since iron and folic acid supplementation strategies are already being implemented by the government, it is high time that we extend our health policy beyond that and plan for micronutrient supplementation as well.