Kinetics and dynamics of the peripheral neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist SLV317 in healthy individuals.

AIMS: To investigate the pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamic effects in dorsal hand veins of the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist SLV317. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study 19 healthy men received a single oral dose of SLV317 or placebo. Blood samples were collected for analysis of SLV317 plasma concentrations and the inhibition of the venodilator response to substance P was evaluated using the hand vein compliance method. RESULTS: Administration of 250 mg SLV317 as an oral solution was well tolerated and resulted in mean peak plasma concentrations (+/- SEM) of 77 +/- 9 ng ml(-1) within 47 +/- 3 min; the mean half-life was 9.9 +/- 1.6 h. In hand veins preconstricted with phenylephrine, local infusion of substance P resulted in a mean venodilation of 56 +/- 8% and 49 +/- 6% (P = 0.91) before administration of SLV317 or placebo, respectively. SLV317 caused a substantial inhibition of substance P-induced venodilation, whereas placebo had no effect (P < 0.001). The maximum antagonizing effect of SLV317 averaged 95 +/- 8% and was observed after 1.47 +/- 00.24 h. Correspondingly, the mean area under the effect curve after administration of SLV317 [278 +/- 67% h(-1); 95% confidence interval (CI) 198, 358] was significantly higher compared with placebo (49 +/- 12% h(-1); 95% CI -24, 122; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist SLV317 is an orally active and highly effective antagonist of substance P-induced effects in humans.

Fluvoxamine affects sildenafil kinetics and dynamics.

Sildenafil used as oral drug treatment for erectile dysfunction is predominantly metabolized by the cytochrome P450 isozyme 3A4. The antidepressant fluvoxamine is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A4. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, we evaluated the effects of fluvoxamine dosed to steady state on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sildenafil. Twelve healthy men received oral fluvoxamine or placebo for 10 days (50 mg every day on days 1-3; 100 mg every day on days 4-10). On day 11, all participants received a single, oral, open-label dose of 50 mg sildenafil, and blood samples were collected for analysis of sildenafil plasma concentrations by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Concurrently, the effect of sildenafil on venodilation induced by a constant dose of sodium nitroprusside was assessed using the dorsal hand vein compliance technique. Sildenafil was well tolerated in the presence of fluvoxamine. During fluvoxamine, sildenafil exposure (area under the curve) significantly increased by 40% (P < 0.001), and its half-life increased by 19% (P = 0.034). Concurrently, sodium nitroprusside-induced venodilation was significantly augmented by 59% during fluvoxamine compared to placebo (P = 0.012). In conclusion, sildenafil kinetics are mildly affected by fluvoxamine which translates into an increase in vascular sildenafil effects. Whereas the pharmacokinetic changes do not suggest a large clinically relevant interaction, it may be prudent to consider a starting dose of 25 mg in patients concurrently treated with fluvoxamine.

Modulation of endothelial and smooth muscle function by bed rest and hypoenergetic, low-fat nutrition.

Prolonged microgravity alters the regulation of the peripheral vasculature. The influence of reduced food intake, as often observed in astronauts, on vascular function is unclear. In a randomized, four-phase, crossover study, the effect of simulated microgravity (13 days of bed rest), energetic restriction (-25%, fat reduced), and their combination on endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation was compared with ambulatory control conditions. Using venous occlusion plethysmography, cumulative intra-arterial dose-response curves to endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine) and -independent (sodium nitroprusside) vasodilators were constructed in 10 healthy male volunteers before and on day 13 of each of the four intervention periods. Bed rest combined with normoenergetic nutrition impaired the dose-response to acetylcholine (ANOVA, P = 0.004) but not to sodium nitroprusside, whereas hypoenergetic diet under ambulatory conditions improved responses to acetylcholine (P = 0.044) and sodium nitroprusside (P < 0.001). When bed rest was combined with hypoenergetic diet, acetylcholine responses did not change. Similarly, under control conditions, no change was observed. Individual changes in the total cholesterol-to-HDL ratio were correlated with changes in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle relaxation. In conclusion, short-term bed rest impairs endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation in humans. A hypoenergetic, low-fat diet modulates serum lipids, improves endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation, and may antagonize the unfavorable effects of simulated microgravity on endothelial function.

Hypoxia impairs systemic endothelial function in individuals prone to high-altitude pulmonary edema.

RATIONALE: High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is characterized by excessive pulmonary vasoconstriction and is associated with decreased concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) in the lung. OBJECTIVES: We hypothesized that individuals susceptible to HAPE (HAPE-S) would also have dysfunction of the vascular NO vasodilator pathway during hypoxia in the systemic vasculature. METHODS: During normoxia (FI(O(2)) = 0.21) and 4 hours of normobaric hypoxia (FI(O(2)) = 0.12, corresponding to an altitude of 4,500 m above sea level) endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilator responses to intraarterial infusion of acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside, respectively, were measured by forearm venous occlusion plethysmography in nine HAPE-S subjects and in nine HAPE-resistant control subjects. MAIN RESULTS: Pulmonary artery systolic pressure increased from 22 +/- 3 to 33 +/- 6 mm Hg (p < 0.001) during hypoxia in control subjects, and from 25 +/- 4 to 50 +/- 9 mm Hg in HAPE-S subjects (p < 0.001). Despite similar responses during normoxia in both groups, ACh-induced changes in forearm blood flow markedly decreased during hypoxia in HAPE-S subjects (p = 0.01) but not in control subjects. The attenuated vascular response to ACh infusion during hypoxia inversely correlated with increased pulmonary artery systolic pressure (p = 0.04) and decreased plasma nitrite correlated with attenuated ACh-induced vasodilation in HAPE-S subjects (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Hypoxia markedly impairs vascular endothelial function in the systemic circulation in HAPE-S subjects due to a decreased bioavailability of NO. Impairment of the NO pathway could contribute to the enhanced hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction that is central to the pathogenesis of HAPE.

Autosomal-dominant hypertension with type E brachydactyly is caused by rearrangement on the short arm of chromosome 12.

We are studying a Turkish family with autosomal-dominant hypertension and brachydactyly; affected persons die of stroke before 50 years of age. With interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization, we found a chromosome 12p deletion, reinsertion, and inversion in affected persons. This finding suggested that the hypertension could be caused by one or more of 3 genes, the ATP-dependent potassium channel Kir6.1, its regulator the sulfonyl urea receptor SUR2, and the phosphodiesterase PDE3A. We further studied 6 affected and 4 nonaffected persons. Buttocks biopsies were done, small vessels were tested on a myograph, and mRNA was extracted. We performed forearm blood flow studies with intrabrachial artery diazoxide, isoproterenol, and milrinone infusions. Systemic pharmacological testing was done with intravenous diazoxide, nitroprusside, and isoproterenol. PDE3A mRNA was high in vessels from 3 affected subjects, but not high in 3 others. The vessels responded similarly to forskolin, with or without glibenclamide, and to cromakalim. However, there was a suggestion that the dilatation after milrinone might be exaggerated. The forearm infusion studies showed no differences in the responses to diazoxide, isoproterenol, or milrinone. Systemically, affected persons showed a greater blood pressure response to diazoxide and nitroprusside, and a greater heart rate response to isoproterenol than nonaffected persons. The results shed doubt on Kir6.1 and SUR2. The differences in PDE3A expression and responses may be the result of hypertension rather than the cause. Although our 3 candidate genes are no longer likely, the rearrangement we describe greatly enhances the perspectives of this project.