Glucose Levels in Patients With Acute Respiratory Failure Requiring Mechanical Ventilation.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest that patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) frequently develop hyperglycemia, which has been linked to adverse outcomes. METHODS: We retrospectively collected information about patient demographics, admission diagnosis, comorbidities, use of insulin, and glucose levels and related tests in 174 patients who required mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure. RESULTS: These patients had a mean age of 57.8 ± 16.8 years, a mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score of 13.8 ± 6.1, and an overall mortality of 32.2%. The mean number of ventilator days was 7.5 ± 7.1. The mean highest glucose level was 239.3 ± 88.9 mg/dL in patients with COPD (n = 41) and 259.1 ± 131.7 mg/dL in patients without COPD (n =133). Patients with diabetes had higher glucose levels than patients without this diagnosis ( P < .05). Patients receiving corticosteroids did not have increased glucose levels ( P > .05). The mortality rate was higher in patients with glucose levels >140 mg/dL than in patients below 140 mg/dL (35.1% vs 10.5%, P < .05 unadjusted analysis). CONCLUSION: In this study, hyperglycemia occurred in 89% of the patients with acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. The most important risk factor for this was a premorbid diagnosis of diabetes.

Complications and Resource Utilization Associated With Mechanical Ventilation in a Medical Intensive Care Unit in 2013.

INTRODUCTION: Evolving strategies for ventilator management could reduce the frequency of complications, but there is limited information about complications in contemporary intensive care units. METHODS: We retrospectively collected information about patient demographics, chest x-ray abnormalities, complications, including pneumothoraces, ventilator-associated events, self-extubation, and resource utilization in 174 patients who required mechanical ventilation in 2013. RESULTS: The mean age was 57.8 ± 16.8 years, the number of ventilator days was 7.5 ± 7, and the overall in-hospital mortality was 32.2%. The mean fluid balance per day during the mechanical ventilation period was 1539 ± 1721 mL. Three (1.7%) patients developed pneumothoraces, and 5 patients required chest tubes. Twenty-five (14.4%) patients had ventilator-associated events. Ten patients had episodes of self-extubation, and 11 had episodes of failed extubation. Chest X-rays showed new or increasing infiltrates in 113 (64.9%) patients and new or increasing pleural effusions in 29 (16.7%) patients. These patients had 1.2 ± 0.4 X-rays per day on the ventilator, and they had 10.0 ± 9.4 arterial blood gases and 0.7 ± 0.7 central lines. CONCLUSION: The frequency of ventilator-associated complications was low in this study. However, these patients frequently developed increasing infiltrates, and these outcomes need attention during patient management and are a potential focus for future studies.

Making of a Successful Early Mobilization Program for a Medical Intensive Care Unit.

OBJECTIVES: To provide a guideline for intensive care unit (ICU) early mobilization program development and implementation and to describe the patient characteristics and endpoints for those who participated in our hospital's early mobilization program. METHODS: An ICU early mobilization program was developed with five guiding principles: analgesia/sedation optimization, sedation minimization, protocol of progressive mobility, physical therapy and occupational therapy recruitment, and nursing education. This program began in April 2014, and the initial 32 patients who ambulated while receiving mechanical ventilation were retrospectively assessed and their characteristics described. RESULTS: After program implementation, more than 50 mechanically ventilated patients ambulated in the first year following early mobilization initiation. Patients with an FiO2 as high as 1.0 and on nonconventional modes of mechanical ventilation successfully ambulated without adverse events. The mean ambulation distance was 102 ± 152 f. and usually required three ICU staff members with 5 to 10 minutes of preparation before ambulation. After implementation, a retrospective analysis revealed a decrease in the average length of ICU stay, from 4.8 to 4.1 days. CONCLUSIONS: Addressing analgesia and sedation practices, along with instituting a progressive mobility protocol and recruiting physical and occupational therapy, may serve as a guide to the creation of a successful early mobilization program. This study provides additional supportive evidence that early mobilization in the ICU is safe and effective.