RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The extent of pre-hospital medical care (PHMC) given to burned patients affects both the patient's condition and the effectiveness of treatment. OBJECTIVES: To improve the quality of PHMC of burns in children, based upon an analysis of the selected parts of pre-hospital medical records, with particular emphasis on analgesia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Medical records were used to analyze how PHMC was given to 117 burned children aged 0-18 years, treated at the Pediatric Surgery Ward between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2017. RESULTS: In 41/85 cases, PHMC was delivered by Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs), in 42 in Emergency/Admission Rooms (ARs) and in 2 by Primary Health Care (PHC). Monotherapy was predominant. Medical records from ARs included the following information: the administration of analgesics with the name in 95% (21) of the cases, the route of drug administration in 45% (10), insertion of intravenous access and dressing in 33% (14), and fluid transfusion in 43% (6) cases. The way in which the EMTs provided assistance was described in 34% (14/41) of medical records, the administration of analgesics in 86% (12) cases, cooling and dressing in 43% (6), and the establishment of intravenous access with fluid transfusion in 36% (5) cases. CONCLUSION: In burned children, access to analgesic and combined pain therapy is still random, limited and deviates from current recommendations. Prior to the admission to the ward, pain relief with 1 agent administered rectally prevails. There is a need to standardize the procedures for pre-hospital medical assistance provided to burned children, including the method of pain management in line with the Polish recommendations. It is necessary to make the medical staff aware of the obligation to keep medical records in a reliable and legal manner.
Assuntos
Queimaduras , Manejo da Dor , Humanos , Criança , Manejo da Dor/métodos , Analgésicos/uso terapêutico , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Queimaduras/complicações , Queimaduras/terapia , Hospitais , Prontuários MédicosRESUMO
We are not entirely able to understand, assess, and modulate the functioning of the immune system in clinical situations that lead to a systemic inflammatory response. In the search for diagnostic and treatment strategies (which are still far from perfect), it became very important to study the pathogenesis and participation of endogenous inflammation mediators. This study attempts to more precisely establish the role of neutrophils in individual phenomena occurring during an inflammatory and anti-inflammatory reaction, taking into account their cidal, immunoregulatory, and reparative abilities. Pro- and anticoagulatory properties of endothelium in systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) are emphasised, along with the resulting clinical implications (the application of immunotherapy using mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) or IL-6 antagonists in sepsis and COVID-19 treatment, among others). Special attention is paid to reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced by neutrophils activated during "respiratory burst" in the course of SIRS; the protective and pathogenic role of these endogenous mediators is highlighted. Moreover, clinically useful biomarkers of SIRS (neutrophil extracellular traps, cell-free DNA, DAMP, TREMs, NGAL, miRNA, selected cytokines, ROS, and recognised markers of endothelial damage from the group of adhesins by means of immunohistochemical techniques) related to the neutrophils are presented, and their role in the diagnosing and forecasting of sepsis, burn disease, and COVID-19 is emphasised. Finally, examples of immunomodulation of sepsis and antioxidative thermal injury therapy are presented.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Sepse , Humanos , Síndrome de Resposta Inflamatória Sistêmica/diagnóstico , Neutrófilos , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Sepse/diagnósticoRESUMO
Acute appendicitis is an inflammatory process which is one of the most frequent global causes of surgical interventions in children. The goal of the study was to determine whether acute phase proteins, that is, C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), interleukin 6 (IL-6), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-ß1) and cortisol (HC) play a role in the pathomechanism of post-trauma stress response of the organism and to establish the impact of the applied surgical procedure and/or of inflammation on their concentrations. An additional purpose was to establish the clinical usefulness of the studied biomarkers in the diagnostics of appendicitis. CRP concentrations were quantified via the immunoturbidimetric method, while the levels of IL-6 and PCT were assessed using a bead-based multiplexed immunoassay system in a microplate format (Luminex xMAP technology); NGAL, TGF-ß1 and cortisol concentrations were determined via the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. All the investigated biomarkers were assayed twice, i.e., immediately before the surgery and 12-24 h after its completion. Significant increases in CRP, IL-6 and PCT concentrations were found in all children subjected to laparoscopic surgeries (p = 0.001, p = 0.006, and p = 0.009, respectively) and open (classic) surgeries (p = 0.001, p = 0.016, and p = 0.044, respectively) compared to the initial concentrations. The patients undergoing classical surgery moreover presented with significant (p = 0.002, and p = 0.022, respectively) increases in NGAL and TGF-ß1 levels after the procedures. In a group of children undergoing laparoscopic surgery, the appendicitis induced an increase in cortisol concentration, whereas in patients undergoing classical surgery the increase in the levels of this biomarker was caused by the type of performed surgical procedure. Simultaneously assaying the levels of CRP, NGAL and IL-6 (p = 0.008, p = 0.022, and p = 0.000, respectively) may prove useful in clinical practice, enabling the diagnosis of appendicitis in paediatric patients reporting to a hospital with abdominal pains, in addition to data from anamnesis and from clinical or ultrasound examination. The performed study confirms the participation of examined biomarkers in the pathomechanism of post-injury stress reaction of the organism to surgical trauma.
RESUMO
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is defined as the systemic host response to infection or a non-infectious factor. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in severe inflammation and to assess the discrimination strength of the neutrophil BURSTTEST assay regarding its etiology in three groups of patients (sepsis, burns, and bone fractures) who met the SIRS criteria. The neutrophil activation (respiratory burst of granulocytes as well as p55 and p75 tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) receptor expression) was evaluated twice using flow cytometry, and the results were compared with healthy controls and among SIRS subjects. A decreased oxygen metabolism in neutrophils after E.coli stimulation and increased TNF-α receptor expression were found in septic and burned patients on admission, while ROS production augmented and TNF-α receptor expression diminished with the applied therapy. The significant differences in neutrophil respiratory burst intensity among septic and burned patients and those with sepsis and bone fractures were found (however, there were not any such differences between patients with thermal and mechanical injuries). This study indicates that the neutrophil BURSTTEST evaluation might be a clinically reliable marker for differentiating the SIRS etiology.