Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Added to Synthetic Mammography in Breast Cancer Screening in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Literature meta-analysis results show that digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) combined with synthesized two-dimensional (s2D) mammograms can reduce recalls and improve breast cancer detection. Uncertainty regarding the screening of patients with breast cancer presents a health economic challenge, both in terms of healthcare resource use and quality of life impact on patients. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to estimate the cost effectiveness of DBT + s2D versus digital mammography (DM) used in a biennial breast cancer screening setting of women aged 40-69 years with scattered areas of fibroglandular breast density and heterogeneous dense breasts in the Brazilian supplementary health system. METHODS: A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed on the basis of clinical data obtained from a systematic review with meta-analysis performed to evaluate the analytical validity and clinical utility of DBT + s2D compared with DM. The search was conducted in the PubMed, Cochrane Library and Embase databases, with the main descriptors of the technology, a comparator, and the clinical condition in question, on 9 June 2022. The hybrid economic model (decision tree plus Markov model) simulated costs and outcomes over a lifetime for women aged 40-69 years with scattered areas of fibroglandular breast density and heterogeneous dense breasts. We analyzed incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) to measure the incremental cost difference per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) of adding DBT + s2D to breast cancer screening. RESULTS: DBT + s2D incurred a cost saving of € 954.02 per patient, in the time horizon of 30 years, compared with DM, and gained 5.1989 QALYs, which would be considered a dominant intervention. These results were confirmed in sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION: Switching from DM to biennial DBT + s2D was cost effective. Furthermore, reductions in false-positive recall rates should also be considered in decision making.

Disfunções de assoalho pélvico em atletas / Pelvic floor dysfunction in athletes

Disfunções do assoalho pélvico são condições que acometem mulheres em idades variadas, porém aquelas que se encontram no período do climatério, assim como as multíparas, são as mais suscetíveis. Entretanto, há relatos na literatura de jovens nulíparas que apresentam sintomas de disfunções nesta região, tais como a incontinência urinária e a anal durante a prática de esportes. Essas condições podem levar ao abandono da atividade física e comprometer a qualidade de vida. Com o intuito de conhecer a ocorrência das disfunções do assoalho pélvico e seus fatores etiológicos em atletas jovens e nulíparas, foi feita uma revisão da literatura. Foram consultadas as bases de dados BVS e PubMed nos últimos dez anos. Os resultados dos estudos revisados indicaram alta prevalência de disfunções do assoalho pélvico entre atletas, muitas delas nulíparas. A incontinência urinária é a disfunção do assoalho pélvico mais documentada e acomete principalmente atletas que praticam atividades consideradas de alto impacto, como trampolim e paraquedismo. As condições que desencadeiam as disfunções do assoalho pélvico em mulheres jovens e nulíparas ainda não estão completamente elucidadas, alterações extrínsecas ou genéticas do tecido conjuntivo frouxo e atividades que envolvem longos saltos são as hipóteses mais frequentes. Apenas um estudo foi encontrado documentando a prevalência das disfunções do assoalho pélvico entre atletas envolvendo os sistemas intestinal e sexual, além do urinário

Pelvic floor dysfunctions are conditions that affect women in various ages, however those in the climacteric period, as well as the multiparous are more susceptible to it. However, there are studies in the scientific literature reporting the occurrence of urinary incontinence during sports among young and nuliparous women. Such conditions can lead to a withdrawn from physical activity compromising the quality of life. A literature review in PubMed and in VHL databases, within the last ten years, was done in order to understand the occurrence of symptoms suggestive of pelvic floor dysfunctions other than urinary incontinence, such as anorectal or sexual dysfunction, and their etiological factors in young and nulliparous athletes. Results indicated a high prevalence of urinary incontinence among athletes, who were engaged in high-impact activities such as trampoline, and skydiving. The conditions that contribute to the urinary incontinence etiology in young and nulliparous women are still not fully understood, extrinsic or genetic changes in loose connective tissue and activities involving long jumps are the most common hypotheses to this condition. Other than urinary tract symptoms, it was found only one study documenting pelvic floor disorders involving the intestinal and sexual systems in such population