Serotyping and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiling of Glaesserella parasuis Isolated from Diseased Swine in Brazil.

Glaesserella parasuis is one of the major pathogens in swine intensive production systems. To date, 15 serovars have been described, and the prevalence of these serotypes in different geographical regions has been identified by several methods. G. parasuis outbreaks could be controlled with vaccination if it were not for serovar diversity and limited cross-serovar protection; consequently, antibiotic therapy continues to be necessary for infection control. Here, we present the isolation, identification, serotyping, and antibiotic susceptibility profiling of G. parasuis from diseased swine in Brazil. A total of 105 G. parasuis strains, originating from nine different Brazilian states, were evaluated, and serotypes 4 and 5 were found to be the most prevalent (27.6% and 24.8% respectively). Aminoglycosides, florfenicol, tiamulin, and ß-lactams were tested, and they presented lower resistant rates against G. parasuis strains. The highest resistance rates were observed against tylosin (97.1%), sulfadimethoxine (89.5%), danofloxacin (80%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (62.5%), enrofloxacin (54.3%), and clindamycin (50.5%). Multidrug resistance was detected in 89.5% of tested strains, and a total of sixty resistance profiles were identified. The cluster analysis of resistance patterns showed no correlation with the isolation year or G. parasuis serotype.

Causes of Sow Mortality and Risks to Post-Mortem Findings in a Brazilian Intensive Swine Production System.

The present study was conducted to investigate the risk factors for post-mortem findings and causes of sow mortality. A post-mortem examination and microbiological investigation were conducted on 123 sows from a breeding herd with 15,000 dams. The mortality of spontaneous death in sows occurred mostly in the peripartum period (53%; p < 0.05). The spontaneous deaths were associated with heart failures, hemorrhagic and perforating gastric ulcers, and liver torsion, while in the euthanized sows, the post-mortem findings were associated with locomotor disorders. A higher body condition score (BCS ≥ 3.5) increased (p < 0.05) heart failure on the post-mortem examination. The excessive use of manual obstetric interventions increased sow deaths resulting from cervix/uterus ruptures and increased the odds of death (p < 0.05) due to metritis. Sow mortality had a multifactorial etiology. Infections were polymicrobial. The main microbial agents identified from a septic lesion in locomotor, genitourinary, and respiratory systems were Trueperella pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, respectively. In conclusion, sow mortality involved multiple risk factors and several bacterial agents. These results indicate that better management practices can reduce sow mortality in swine production and increase sow welfare.

Phenotypic, molecular and genomic characterization of Actinobaculum suis isolated from swine in Brazil.

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are considered one of the most important diseases of sows due to its close relationship with reproductive problems such as reduced litter size, increase in the rate of return to estrous, vulvar discharge, abortion, mastitis and anestrus. Actinobaculum suis is one of the main agents involved in porcine urinary tract infection and is responsible for the most severe and fatal cases in sows. In the present report, 23 A. suis strains isolated from a sow and boars in Brazil were identified by PCR and further characterized by broth microdilution, molecular typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), single-enzyme amplified fragment length polymorphism (SE-AFLP), and whole-genome sequencing. All strains were sensitive to ceftiofur, linezolid, nitrofurantoin, quinupristin-dalfopristin and vancomycin. Ciprofloxacin, daptomycin, lincomycin, erythromycin and tylosin resistance was observed in 100% of tested strains. Tetracycline and tigecycline also presented high resistance rates (87% and 30.4%, respectively). PFGE with eight different restriction enzymes and three programs did not enable strain characterization; however, all strains were typed by SE-AFLP that clustered strains according to their origin, thus proving an effective tool for A. suis genotyping. Whole-genome sequencing and comparative analysis enabled species differentiation from closely related genus. This is the first report of genomic characterization of A. suis.

Sensibilidade e especificidade do V-VST na avaliação clínica de sujeitos com DPOC / Sensitivity and specificity of V-VST in the clinical evaluation of subjects with COPD / Sensibilidad y especificidad del V-VST en la evaluación clínica de sujetos con EPOC

Objetivo: avaliar a sensibilidade e a especificidade do protocolo Volume-Viscosity Swallow Test (V-VST) para detectar a presença de disfagia em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) em relação à videofluoroscopia. Método: estudo transversal, descritivo, analítico, com amostra de conveniência de indivíduos de ambos os sexos, ingressantes no Programa Multiprofissional de Reabilitação Pulmonar. Os participantes realizaram avaliação fonoaudiológica clínica da deglutição através do protocolo V-VST e avaliação instrumental pela videofluoroscopia da deglutição, sendo através dos resultados dessas calculado o valor de sensibilidade e especificidade do V-VST. Resultados: foram avaliados 29 sujeitos com média de idade de 63,9±8,6 anos (intervalo de 40 a 78 anos), a maioria do gênero masculino (51,7%). A avaliação segundo o protocolo V-VST demonstrou que a maioria dos participantes tinha deglutição sem alterações (55,2%). A análise do V-VST apresentou baixa sensibilidade (39,10%) e baixa especificidade (33,30%) em relação à videofluoroscopia com valor preditivo positivo de 69,20%. Conclusão: A aplicação do protocolo V-VST para avaliação clínica da deglutição apresentou baixa sensibilidade e especificidade em relação à videofluoroscopia para identificar a presença de disfagia em sujeitos com DPOC.

Objective: to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the Volume-Viscosity Swallow Test (V-VST) protocol to detect the presence of dysphagia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in relation to the videofluoroscopy. Method: a cross-sectional, descriptive, analytical study with a convenience sample with individuals of both sexes, who entered in the Multiprofessional Program of Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Participants performed a speech-language clinical swallow evaluation using the V-VST protocol and an instrument performed by swallowing videofluoroscopy, and the results of these values calculated the sensitivity and specificity of the V-VST. Results: were evaluated 29 subjects with mean age of 63.9 ± 8.6 years (range 40-78 years), the majority of males (51.7%). Evaluation according to the V-VST protocol demonstrated that the majority of participants had swallowing without changes (55.2%). The V-VST analysis presented low sensitivity (39.10%) and low specificity (33.30%) in relation to videofluoroscopy with a positive predictive value of 69.20%. Conclusion: The application of the V-VST protocol for clinical evaluation of swallowing presented low sensitivity and specificity in relation to videofluoroscopy to identify the presence of dysphagia in subjects with COPD.

Objetivo: evaluar la sensibilidad y la especificidad del protocolo Volume-Viscosity Swallow Test (V-VST) para detectar la presencia de disfagia en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) en relación a la videofluoroscopia. Método: estudio transversal, descriptivo, analítico con muestra de conveniencia de individuos de ambos sexos, ingresantes en el Programa Multiprofesional de Rehabilitación Pulmonar. Los participantes realizaron una evaluación fonoaudiológica clínica de la deglución a través del protocolo V-VST y evaluación instrumental por la videofluoroscopia de la deglución, siendo a través de los resultados de esas calculado el valor de sensibilidad y especificidad del V-VST. Resultados: fueron evaluados 29 sujetos con promedio de edad de 63,9 ± 8,6 años (intervalo de 40 a 78 años), la mayoría del género masculino (51,7%). La evaluación según el protocolo V-VST demostró que la mayoría de los participantes tenía deglución sin cambios (55,2%). El análisis del V-VST presentó baja sensibilidad (39,10%) y baja especificidad (33,30%) en relación a la videofluoroscopia con valor predictivo positivo del 69,20%. Conclusión: La aplicación del protocolo V-VST para evaluación clínica de la deglución presentó baja sensibilidad y especificidad en relación a la videofluoroscopia para identificar la presencia de disfagia en sujetos con EPOC.

Effects of Ilex paraguariensis (yerba mate) treatment on leptin resistance and inflammatory parameters in obese rats primed by early weaning.

AIMS: We evaluated the effects of yerba mate treatment over 30 days on body weight, food intake, hypothalamic leptin action and inflammatory profile in adult rats that were weaned early. MAIN METHODS: To induce early weaning, the teats of lactating rats were blocked with a bandage to interrupt milk access for the last 3 days of lactation (EW group). Control offspring had free access to milk throughout lactation. On postnatal day (PN) 150, EW offspring were subdivided into: EW and M groups were treated with water and mate aqueous solution (1g/kg BW/day, gavage), respectively, for 30 days. Control offspring received water by gavage. On PN180, offspring were killed. KEY FINDINGS: EW group presented hyperphagia; higher adiposity; higher NPY and TNF-α expression in the ARC nucleus; higher TNF-α and IL-1ß levels in the adipose tissue; and lower IL-10 levels in the adipose tissue. These characteristics were normal in M group. As expected, the leptin injection in control offspring caused lower food intake. However, EW group exhibited no change in food intake after the leptin injection, indicating leptin resistance. In contrast, M group had a normal response to the leptin injection. SIGNIFICANCE: Thirty days of mate treatment prevented the development of hyperphagia, overweight, visceral obesity and central leptin resistance. This beneficial effect on the satiety of M offspring most likely occurred after the improvement of inflammatory markers in the hypothalamus and adipocytes, which suggests that Ilex paraguariensis plays an important role in the management of obesity by acting on the inflammatory profile.

Consulta de enfermagem à pessoa com diabetes mellitus na atenção básica / Nursing consultation to persons with diabetes mellitus in primary care / Consulta de enfermería de personas con diabetes mellitus en la atención primaria

Objetivou-se investigar as ações realizadas durante a consulta de enfermagem à pessoa com diabetes mellitus na atenção básica. Pesquisadescritiva realizada no período de agosto de 2010 a junho de 2011 com 14 enfermeiros atuantes na Estratégia Saúde da Família de Picos-PI.Foram observadas 42 consultas de enfermagem nas unidades selecionadas e, posteriormente, realizadas entrevistas com os enfermeiros a fimde identificar os aspectos que contemplam nas consultas. Constatou-se que a consulta de enfermagem ao usuário com diabetes ainda não estáinstitucionalizada como uma prática de rotina nas unidades investigadas e que ainda é realizada de acordo com o modelo biomédico. Observouseabordagem parcial de alguns aspectos da consulta e, na ótica dos enfermeiros, em suas consultas prevalecem as ações desenvolvidas nohistórico e evolução de enfermagem. Verificou-se que a consulta de enfermagem ainda é incipiente em relação à pessoa com diabetes, fazendosenecessário um processo de educação permanente dos enfermeiros envolvidos no atendimento.

This study aimed to investigate the actions performed during nursing consultations to persons with diabetes mellitus in primary care. Thisdescriptive study was conducted from August 2010 through June 2011 with 14 nurses who worked in the Family Health Strategy units in Picos-PI.We observed 42 consultations performed by nurses in the selected units. Afterwards, we interviewed the nurses to identify the aspects coveredin the consultations. We found that nursing consultations to persons with diabetes are not yet institutionalized as a routine practice in the unitsinvestigated and that they are still guided by the biomedical model. In addition, we observed that some aspects of the consultation are only partiallydeveloped and, in the view of nurses, the actions that prevail in their consultations are related to patient history and nursing evolution. This studyrevealed that nursing consultations to persons with diabetes are still incipient. Thus, there is a need for a process of continuing education for nursesinvolved in the care of DM patients.

El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido analizar las acciones llevadas a cabo durante la consulta de enfermería de personas con diabetes mellitus en laatención primaria. Investigación descriptiva realizada entre agosto de 2010 y julio de 2011 con 26 enfermeros de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia dePicos-PI. Fueron observadas 42 consultas de enfermería en los centros elegidos y, posteriormente, realizadas entrevistas con los enfermeros a fin deidentificar los aspectos contemplados en las consultas. Se constató que las consultas de enfermería de los usuarios con diabetes todavía no estáninstitucionalizadas como práctica de rutina en los centros investigados y que sólo la llevan a cabo la mitad de los enfermeros. Se observó enfoqueparcial de algunos aspectos de la consulta y, desde la visión de los enfermeros, en sus consultas prevalecen acciones desarolladas en la historiaclínica y en la evaluación de enfermería. Se verificó que la consulta de enfermería aún es incipiente con respecto a las personas con diabetes y quees necesario que los enfermeros involucrados en este tipo de atención reciban educación permanente.