Inhibition kinetics of digestive proteases for Anticarsia gemmatalis.

Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera) is a major pest of soybean in the Brazil. It is known that the reduction of proteolytic activity by the ingestion of protease inhibitors reduces digestion and larval development of the insects. Control via inhibition of the digestive enzymes necessitates deeper knowledge of the enzyme kinetics and the characterization of the inhibition kinetics of these proteases, for better understanding of the active centers and action mechanisms of this enzyme. Trypsin-like proteases found in the gut of Anticarsia gemmatalis were purified in a p-aminobenzamidine agarose column. Kinetic characterization showed KM 0.503 mM for the L-BApNA substrate; Vmax= 46.650 nM s-1; Vmax/[E]= 9.256 nM s-1 mg L-1 and Vmax/[E]/KM= 18.402 nM s-1 mg L-1 mM. The Ki values for the inhibitors benzamidine, berenil, SKTI and SBBI were 11.2 µM, 32.4 µM, 0.25 nM and 1.4 nM, respectively, and all revealed linear competitive inhibition. The SKTI showed the greatest inhibition, which makes it a promising subject for future research to manufacture peptide mimetic inhibitors.

Does mechanical damage on soybean induces the production of flavonoids?

The response of plants to grazing includes the production of chemical defense compounds such as proteases inhibitors and secondary metabolites as flavonoids, which makes them less palatable to feeding and negatively affecting the physiology of insects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical response of soybean cultivars (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) resistant (IAC-17, IAC-24) and susceptible (IAC-P1) to insects after mechanical damage. These cultivars were mechanically injured, and after 24 hours samples of these plants were analyzed by HPLC to identify and quantify flavonoids. The flavonoids daidzein, quercetin, and rutin were quantified, with the highest concentration of daidzin in soybean cultivars after mechanical damage. Rutin was biosynthesized by IAC-24. The cultivars IAC-PL1, IAC-17, and IAC-24 did not show a flavonoid response to mechanical damage. The soybean cultivars are not dependent on mechanical damage to produce flavonoids.

O lúdico no processo pedagógico da educação infantil: importante, porém ausente / The playful in the pedagogic process of infantile education: important but absent / El lúdico en el process pedagógico de la educación infantil: importante pero ausente

Este estudo observou e analisou a presença do lúdico no fazer educacional das professoras das escolas infantis das redes pública e particular da cidade de São José do Rio Preto. Por meio de pesquisas bibliográfica e empírica, foram abordadas escolas distribuídas nos quatro setores da cidade, nas quais se realizou, primeiramente, uma observação sistematizada e posteriormente a aplicação de um questionário junto às professoras. O principal objetivo foi verificar se no cotidiano escolar das unidades de ensino infantil envolvidas na pesquisa havia ou não situações de utilização de atividades lúdicas, planejamento das atividades ou seu uso aleatório, assim como a compreensão das professoras acerca do brincar na educação infantil. Os dados coletados foram tratados de modo comparativo entre os dois modelos de escolas compreendidas nos setores público e privado, o que possibilitou traçar um percurso do lúdico na educação infantil e no fazer pedagógico das professoras que, na época, atuavam nos distintos segmentos com a respectiva faixa etária

This study observed and analyzed the presence of playful teaching practice on the educational action of teachers in the kindergarten school both from the public and private sectors in the city of São José do Rio Preto. By means of a bibliographical and empirical research, schools from four different parts of the city were evaluated and systematically observed. Later, a questionnaire was applied to the teachers. The main objective was to verify whether or not there were situations in which playful activities would be part of the teacher's daily agenda, either as a planned activity or even used randomly, as well as the understanding of the teachers concerning this matter in the infantile education

Este estudio analisó la presencia del juguete en el hacer pedagógico de las maestras en guarderías de la red pública de la ciudad de São José do Rio Preto. Por medio de encuestas bibliográficas y empíricas, fueran abordadas escuelas distribuidas en los cuatro sectores de la ciudad en los cuales se realizó una observación sistematizada, y después la aplicación de una encuesta con los maestros. El objectivo primero fue verificar si en el cotidiano de las escuelas tenía o no situaciones de utilización de actividades lúdicas, planeamento de las actividades o empleo obligatorio, como también la comprensión de las mismas acerca de los juguetes infantiles