High-Intensity Interval Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training in Individuals With Parkinson's Disease: Hemodynamic and Functional Adaptation.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus moderate-intensity continuous exercise training (MICE) on hemodynamic and functional variables in individuals with Parkinson's disease. METHODS: Twenty participants (13 men) were randomly assigned to a thrice-weekly HIIT (n = 12) or MICE (n = 8) for 12 weeks. Hemodynamic (resting heart rate and blood pressure, carotid femoral pulse wave velocity, endothelial reactivity, and heart rate variability) and functional variables (5-time sit-to-stand, timed up and go, and 6-min walking tests) assessed before and after training. RESULTS: Demographic, hemodynamic and functional variables were similar between groups at baseline. Endothelial reactivity tended to increase after HIIT, but not after MICE, resulting in improved level (∼8%, P < .01) of this variable in HIIT versus MICE during follow-up. Six-minute walking test improved after HIIT (10.4 ± 3.8%, P < .05), but did not change after MICE. Sit to stand improved similarly after HIIT (27.2 ± 6.1%, P < .05) and MICE (21.5 ± 5.4%, P < .05). No significant changes were found after HIIT or MICE in any other variable assessed. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that exercise intensity may influence training-induced adaptation on endothelial reactivity and aerobic capacity in individuals with Parkinson's disease.

Saccadic eye movements are able to reduce body sway in mildly-affected people with Multiple Sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative and inflammatory disease that impacts both visual and postural control. It is currently unknown how the integration between visual and postural control is affected in people with MS (PwMS). It has been shown in healthy individuals that saccadic eye movements can decrease body sway as result as the integration of eye and postural movements. OBJECTIVE: Investigate the effect of saccadic eye movement on postural control in PwMS and compare with neurologically healthy people. METHODS: Thirteen mildly affected PwMS (1.53 ± 1.03 on Expanded Disability Status Scale - EDSS) and 12 healthy neurologically people participated in this study. Postural control was assessed on a force platform under two eye movement conditions: fixation on a central target and saccadic eye movement. The dependent variables assessed were the displacement, velocity, root-mean-square (RMS) and area of postural center of pressure and the number, duration, variability, fixations errors and eye response time. A mobile eye tracker was used to record eye movement. Two-way ANOVA (group and eye movement) for postural variables was performed. For the eye variables, one-way ANOVA with factor to group was performed. The p-value was maintained at 0.05 for all statistical analysis and the effect sizes were based on Cohen's d. RESULTS: No group or interaction effects (group*eye movement) were found for postural and eye variables. However, the saccadic eye movement attenuated the postural displacement in anteroposterior (AP) direction (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 4.677), RMS AP (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 4.399) and area (p < 0.013, Cohen's d = 2.163) in comparison with the central fixation condition in both groups. The Cohen's d showed a large effect between groups for fixation errors (d = 0.741). CONCLUSION: Both groups presented similar postural control performance in both eye movement conditions. Moreover, PwMS could attenuate body sway similarly to the control group, showing that the central integration of dynamic eye movements and postural control is preserved in mildly affected PwMS.

Differential Acute Effect of High-Intensity Interval or Continuous Moderate Exercise on Cognition in Individuals With Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND: People with Parkinson's disease (PD) present cognitive impairments, which deteriorate their quality of life and increase disability. Acute aerobic exercise has demonstrated favorable effects on cognitive function in healthy neurologically individuals, but these effects have a dose-response relationship. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the acute effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus continuous moderate-intensity training (MICT) on cognitive functions in people with PD. METHODS: A total of 14 individuals with PD performed cognitive tests, before and after 3 sessions-control session (CON), HIIT, and MICT. HIIT and MICT were performed on a stationary bicycle. HIIT consisted of a 25-minute exercise of high-intensity intervals (1 min) alternated with moderate-intensity intervals (2 min). MICT consisted of a 30-minute moderate-intensity exercise. CON was 30 minutes of seated resting. The cognitive parameters were compared by a mixed-model analysis for repeated measures. RESULTS: Acute effects of exercise were according to its type: MICT-improved immediate auditory memory (P < .01); HIIT-improved immediate auditory memory (P < .02), attention (P < .001), and sustained attention (P < .01); and CON-no effects on cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS: Acute aerobic exercise was able to promote better cognitive performance in people with PD. The effects on cognition were exercise intensity dependent.

Estudo do tempo gasto com exercícios ativos realizados por hemiparéticos crônicos submetidos a Fisioterapia em Grupo no formato de Circuito de Treinamento / Study of time spent in active exercises realized by chronic hemiparetic patients submitted to Physiotherapy in Group in the format of Training Circuit

Introdução: Hemiparéticos passam pouco tempo em atividades físicas funcionais em sessões de fisioterapia convencionais. Há evidências que a Fisioterapia de Grupo em Circuito de Treinamento (FGCT) é capaz de melhorar a capacidade funcional e aumentar a quantidade de tempo gasto durante a terapia. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o tempo gasto com exercícios ativos realizados por hemiparéticos crônicos submetidos a FGCT e correlacionar o tempo ativo com testes funcionais. Métodologia: Para verificar a normalidade dos dados, utilizou-se o teste Shapiro-Wilk; o teste t-student foi usado para amostras pareadas, para comparar o tempo ativo e inativo, considerando significante o valor de p < 0,05. O teste de Pearson foi para avaliar as correlações do Timed-Up-and-Go (TUG) e Escala de Equilíbrio de Berg (EEB) com o tempo ativo. Resultados: O valor médio obtido no TUG foi 19,43 ± 8,65 segundos e na EEB foi 43,83 ± 11,07 pontos. O Teste de Pearson mostrou correlação entre o EEB com as Atividades de Prática Ativas (APA) (r = 0,631, p ≤ 0,01) e entre TUG e APA (r = - 0,495, p ≤ 0,01). Conclusão: Os resultados demonstraram que o tempo gasto com exercícios ativos durante uma sessão de FGCT foi maior que o tempo inativo, e houve correlação moderada entre os valores de APA com os testes EEB e TUG.

Introduction: Hemiparetic patients spent little time in functional physical activities of conventional physiotherapy. There are evidences that the Physiotherapy of Group in Training Circuit (PGTC) is able to better the functional capacity and increase the quantity of time spent during the therapy. Objective: The objective of this work was to evaluate the time spent with active exercises realized by chronic hemiparetic patients submitted to PGTC, to correlating active time with functional tests. Methodology: It was verified the normality of the data with the Shapiro-Wilk test; the t-student test to paired samples, comparing active and inactive time, being significant the value of p < 0,05. The Pearson test was to evaluate the correlations of Timed-Up-and-Go (TUG) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) with the active time. Results: The average value obtained in the TUG was 19,43 ± 8,65 seconds and in the BBS was 43,83 ± 11,07 points. Pearson test shows correlations between the BBS with the Active Practical Activities (APA) (r = 0,631, p ≤ 0,01) and between the TUG and the APA (r = -0,495, p ≤ 0,01). Conclusion: Results demonstrated that the time spent with active exercises during one session of PGTC was larger than the inactive time, and there was moderated correlation between the values of APA with the BBS and TUG tests.

Hunting, pet trade, and forest size effects on population viability of a critically endangered Neotropical primate, Sapajus xanthosternos (Wied-Neuwied, 1826).

The yellow-breasted capuchin monkey (Sapajus xanthosternos) is one of the seven Brazilian primates that are currently threatened with extinction. Although the species is known to be threatened by habitat loss, hunting, and illegal pet trade, few data exist on how these threats influence its long-term population persistence. We conducted population viability analyses (PVAs) to estimate minimum viable populations of S. xanthosternos under 10 threat scenarios (i.e., varying hunting pressure and varying number of infants captured for the pet trade) for five forest fragments with different estimated carrying capacities (K). We also estimated the minimum forest fragment size required to sustain viable populations living under the same 10 threat scenarios, based on critical numbers of K obtained in sensitivity tests, below which the population would be unviable. Our PVAs suggests that hunting has a higher impact on population viability in comparison to threats from the pet trade. Annual losses of adult and young females from hunting had the most detrimental effect on population persistence under all forest fragment sizes. Such hunting pressure is not sustainable for populations living in areas ≤3,460 ha, since these areas may not support populations of ≥84 individuals. The seven largest of the 13 protected areas currently harboring capuchins should be effective at maintaining viable populations in the long term even under the greatest threat scenarios we modeled. Other large forest patches, mainly in the western part of the species distribution, are recommended as priority areas for protection to increase the chances of capuchins' survival for the long term. In addition, forest fragments of ≤782.8 ha cannot maintain viable populations, even when there are no threats from hunting or from captures for the pet trade. Increased law enforcement is necessary to prevent the hunting and capture of capuchins, especially within larger forest fragments. Am. J. Primatol. 78:950-960, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Como determinar a velocidade inicial da esteira no treinamento aeróbio de hemiparéticos crônicos? / How to determine the initial treadmill speed for the aerobic training of chronic hemiparetics?

Objetivo: Investigar os critérios para estabelecer a velocidade inicial da esteira e viabilizar um treinamento motor funcional ou cardiorrespiratório em hemiparéticos crônicos. Métodos: Foram recrutados 15 hemiparéticos crônicos determinados pelo Lower Extremity Motor Coordination Test (LEMOCOT) e submetidos à avaliação da marcha pelo Time up and go (TUG), Teste de Esforço Máximo (TES) e Teste de velocidade de marcha de 10 metros (TV10M). Resultados: A análise dos valores do LEMOCOT demonstrou uma média de 26,87 ± 9,76 acertos nos alvos no lado não parético e 15,40 ± 8,46 no lado parético. No TUG verificou-se a velocidade média de 0,37 ± 0,14 m/s e no TV10M 0,63 ± 0,23 m/s. No TES a velocidade média foi 0,60 ± 0,25 m/s. Houve correlação forte e significante entre os valores de TUG, TV10M e TEX. Conclusão: O TES e TV10M são testes adequados para serem utilizados como critério de elegibilidade da velocidade inicial para treinos aeróbios, todavia o TES é capaz de revelar o tempo em que o paciente consegue manter a marcha. O TUG não revelou ser um bom instrumento para estabelecer a velocidade inicial do treinamento

Objective: To investigate the criteria for establishing the initial treadmill speed and create a functional or cardiorespiratory motor training for hemiparetic individuals. Methods: Fifteen chronic hemiparetic individuals were recruited and qualified by the Lower Extremity Motor Coordination Test (LEMOCOT) and submitted to gait evaluation through the Timed Up and Go (TUG), Stress Test (ST), and the 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT). Results: The analysis of the LEMOCOT results showed a mean of 26.87 ± 9.76 target hits for the non-paretic side and 15.40 ± 8.46 for the paretic side. In the TUG, the average speed of 0.37 ± 0.14 m/s was found and in the 10MWT, 0.63 ± 0.23 m/s. In the ST the average speed was 0.60 ± 0.25 m/s. There was strong and significant correlation between the TUG, 10MWT, and ST values. Conclusion: The ST and 10MWT are suitable tests to be used as eligibility criteria for the initial speed of aerobic trainings, however the ST is able to reveal the time for which the patient is able to maintain the gait. The TUG did not prove to be a good instrument to establish the initial training speed