Avaliação do perfil de mortalidade por cardiomegalia na última década do município de são paulo / Assessment of the mortality profile due to cardiomegaly in the last decade in the city of São Paulo

INTRODUÇÃO: A cardiomegalia é uma condição, na qual o coração assume um tamanho maior e desproporcional diante de um estímulo estressor. Nesse contexto, para aumentar a performance cardíaca ocorre hipertrofia dos cardiomiócitos. No entanto, esse mecanismo torna-se patológico quando o crescimento celular excede a angiogênese, deprimindo assim a função contrátil. O aumento cardíaco pode ser transitório, como em atletas e gestantes, ou secundário a condições sustentadas, como hipertensão arterial, etilismo, doenças infecciosas e mutações genéticas. Apesar de frequentemente ser assintomática, a cardiomegalia é um fator de risco importante para arritmias, insuficiência cardíaca, eventos tromboembólicos e morte súbita. OBJETIVO: Analisar a mortalidade por cardiomegalia no município de São Paulo entre 2013 e 2023. MÉTODOS: Este estudo é uma análise epidemiológica, descritiva e transversal. Os dados expostos foram obtidos através do banco informativo de saúde DATASUS (TABNET) entre os anos de 2013 e 2023, do município de São Paulo. A análise utiliza as variáveis: cor, sexo e faixa etária. Resultados: Em 10 anos, foram registrados 2244 óbitos por cardiomegalia no município de São Paulo. Nesse período, a taxa de mortalidade teve um aumento progressivo de 248%, e 2023 foi o ano de maior incidência (374). Quanto à cor, brancos representaram o maior número de padecedores (60%), seguidos por pardos (27,6%), pretos (11%) e amarelos (1,2%). Quanto ao sexo prevalente, mais da metade dos afetados eram homens (65,86%). Por último, foram registradas mortes em todas as faixas etárias, desde indivíduos menores de 1 ano (8) até maiores de 75 anos (529). Sendo que, 2% eram crianças de até 14 anos, 4% adolescentes e jovens adultos, 53% adultos até 64 anos e 42% idosos acima de 65 anos. CONCLUSÕES: Segundo a análise dos resultados, a taxa de mortalidade por cardiomegalia no município de São Paulo aumentou progressivamente na última década. A incidência de óbitos foi maior em indivíduos brancos (60%), do sexo masculino (66%) e com mais de 35 anos (95%). Por fim, a ampliação de prognósticos fatais pode estar relacionada ao crescimento da prevalência dos fatores de risco. Ademais, é provável que os resultados sejam subnotificados, pois os óbitos de indivíduos que tiveram cardiomegalia, mas faleceram pelas patologias decorrentes dessa condição, podem não estar registrados nos dados obtidos neste estudo.

The Intracellular and Secreted Sides of Osteopontin and Their Putative Physiopathological Roles.

Classically, osteopontin (OPN) has been described as a secreted glycophosprotein. Indeed, most data concerning its physiological and pathological roles are mainly related to the secreted OPN (sOPN). However, there are several instances in which intracellular OPN (iOPN) has been described, presenting some specific roles in distinct experimental models, such as in the immune system, cancer cells, and neurological disorders. We herein aimed to highlight and discuss some of these secreted and intracellular roles of OPN and their putative clinical and biological impacts. Moreover, by consolidating data from the OPN protein database, we also analyzed the occurrence of signal peptide (SP) sequences and putative subcellular localization, especially concerning currently known OPN splicing variants (OPN-SV). Comprehending the roles of OPN in its distinct cellular and tissue environments may provide data regarding the additional applications of this protein as biomarkers and targets for therapeutic purposes, besides further describing its pleiotropic roles.

Chicken embryos are a valuable model for the selection of Bacillus subtilis for probiotic purposes.

Bacillus subtilis (BS) has been used as an excellent probiotic; however, some BS strains seem to be opportunist pathogens or do not present inhibitory effects in the pathogenic bacteria, so the characterization of BS strains for use in animals is mandatory. This study aimed to select nonpathogenic strains of BS, which can inhibit Salmonella spp., avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), and Campylobacter jejuni (CJ) using a chicken embryo as a model. We tested nine (9) strains of BS isolated from several sources (named A to I) in in vitro by tests of mucin degradation activity, haemolytic activity, apoptosis, and necrosis in fibroblasts from chickens. After the in vitro test, we tested the remaining seven (7) strains (strains A to G) in a chicken embryo (CE) as an in vivo model and target animal. We inoculated 3 log CFU/CE of each strain via allantoic fluid at the 10th day postincubation (DPI). Each treatment group consisted of eight CEs. At the 17th DPI we checked CE mortality, gross lesions, CE weight, and whether BS strains were still viable. To perform the cytokine, total protein, albumin, and reactive C protein analysis, we collected the CE blood from the allantoic vessel and intestine fragments in the duodenum portion for histomorphometric analysis. After the results in CEs, we tested the inhibition capacity of the selected BS strains for diverse strains of Salmonella  Heidelberg (SH), S. Typhimurium (ST), S. Enteritidis (SE), S. Minnesota (SM), S. Infantis (SI), Salmonella var. monophasic (SVM), APEC and C. jejuni. After the in vitro trial (mucin degradation activity, haemolytic activity, apoptosis, and necrosis), we removed two (2) strains (H and I) that showed ß-haemolysis, mucin degradation, and/or high apoptosis and necrosis effects. Although all strains of BS were viable in CEs at the 17th DPI, we removed four (4) strains (A, B, D, F) once they led to the highest mortality in CEs or a high albumin/protein ratio. C. jejuni inoculated with strain G had greater weight than the commercial strain, which could be further used for egg inoculation with benefits to the CE. From the tests in CEs, we selected the strains C, E, and G for their ability to inhibit pathogenic strains of relevant foodborne pathogens. We found that the inhibition effect was strain dependent. In general, strains E and/or G presented better or similar results than commercial control strains in the inhibition of SH, ST, SI, APEC, and two (2) strains of CJ. In this study, we selected BS strains C, E and G due to their in vitro and in vivo safety and beneficial effects. In addition, we emphasize the value of CE as an in vivo experimental model for assessing BS's safety and possible benefits for poultry and other animals.

Hybrid Nanobeads for Oral Indomethacin Delivery.

The oral administration of the anti-inflammatory indomethacin (INDO) causes severe gastrointestinal side effects, which are intensified in chronic inflammatory conditions when a continuous treatment is mandatory. The development of hybrid delivery systems associates the benefits of different (nano) carriers in a single system, designed to improve the efficacy and/or minimize the toxicity of drugs. This work describes the preparation of hybrid nanobeads composed of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) loading INDO (2%; w/v) and chitosan, coated by xanthan. NLC formulations were monitored in a long-term stability study (25 °C). After one year, they showed suitable physicochemical properties (size < 250 nm, polydispersity < 0.2, zeta potential of −30 mV and spherical morphology) and an INDO encapsulation efficiency of 99%. The hybrid (lipid-biopolymers) nanobeads exhibited excellent compatibility between the biomaterials, as revealed by structural and thermodynamic properties, monodisperse size distribution, desirable in vitro water uptake and prolonged in vitro INDO release (26 h). The in vivo safety of hybrid nanobeads was confirmed by the chicken embryo (CE) toxicity test, considering the embryos viability, weights of CE and annexes and changes in the biochemical markers. The results point out a safe gastro-resistant pharmaceutical form for further efficacy assays.

Susceptibility of lung cancer patients to COVID-19: A review of the pandemic data from multiple nationalities.

Several studies have highlighted that cancer patients tend to be more susceptible to develop severe infection and to die from COVID-19. Certain medical conditions such as immunosuppression, presence of comorbidities, and underlying pulmonary damage are possible determinants of disease severity, especially in lung cancer patients. While recent studies have shown that lung cancer is one of the most prevalent tumor types among COVID-19 cancer patients, we still have an incomplete view of how data from several countries work as a whole. The aim of this review was to investigate COVID-19 prevalence in lung cancer patient cohorts and their probability to develop severe illness and death when compared to nonlung cancer patients from multiple nationalities, including countries that have been the epicenters of the pandemic. We also focus on some intrinsic lung cancer features that might influence COVID-19 outcomes. An integrative view of the susceptibility of lung cancer patients might be especially relevant to assist physicians in evaluating the risks of COVID-19 in these patients, and to foster better decisions on treatment delay.

Osteopontin-4 and Osteopontin-5 splice variants are expressed in several tumor cell lines.

Among osteopontin splice variants (OPN-SV), the expression profile of osteopontin-4 (OPN4) and osteopontin-5 (OPN5) has not been addressed in distinct cancer types. We herein aimed to investigate their expression in several cancer cell lines, besides comparing it in relation to the three previously described OPN-SV: OPNa, OPNb and OPNc. Total RNA from cancer cell lines, including prostate (PC3 and DU145), ovarian (A2780), breast (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), colorectal (Caco-2, HT-29 and HCT-116), thyroid (TT, TPC1 and 8505c) and lung (A549 and NCI-H460) was extracted, followed by cDNA synthesis. OPN-SV transcript analysis by RT-PCR or RT-qPCR were performed using OPN-SV specific oligonucleotides and gapdh and actin transcripts were used as housekeeping controls. OPN4 and OPN5 transcripts displayed co-expression in most tested cell lines. OPN4 was found expressed in similar or higher levels in relation to OPN5. Moreover, in most tested cell lines, OPN4 is also expressed in similar levels to OPNa or OPNb. The expression of OPN5 is also generally variable in relation to the other OPN-SV, but expressed in similar or higher levels in relation to OPNc, depending on each tested cell line. OPN4 and OPN5 seem to be co-expressed in several tumor types and OPN4 is one of the most overexpressed OPN-SV in distinct tumor cell lines. Once both OPN4 and OPN5 are differentially expressed and also evidence tumor-specific expression patterns, we hypothesize that similarly to the other OPN-SV, they also possibly contribute to key aspects of tumor progression, what should be further functionally investigated in distinct tumor models.

Biossegurança e aferição de equipamentos de eletrotermofototerapia. Quando devemos fazer? / Biosafety and electrothermal measurement equipment. When we must make it?

Introdução: A eletrotermofototerapia tem sido amplamente utilizada nas últimas décadas no tratamento de afecções músculo-esqueléticas. Objetivos: Investigar a importância da aferição periódica dos aparelhos de eletrotermofototerapia e discutir suas questões de biossegurança. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura por meio de artigos científicos nacionais e internacionais que relatassem questões de aferição dos equipamentos. Resultados: O uso de aparelhos descalibrados pode levar a uma terapia ineficiente, influenciando na duração do tratamento estipulado. Aparelhos usados sem devida aferição podem levar a conseqüências deletérias aos usuários. Conclusão: A falta de aferição causa malefícios à saúde tanto do paciente como do fisioterapeuta.