Effect of photobiomodulation and exercise on early remodeling of the Achilles tendon in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

The aim of this study was to compare the treatment effects of laser photobiomodulation (LPBM) therapy and aerobic exercise on the biomechanical properties, tissue morphology and the expression of tendon matrix molecules during early remodeling of Achilles tendon (AT) injury in diabetic rats. Animals were randomly assigned to five groups: injured non diabetic (I, n = 15), injured diabetic (ID, n = 15), injured diabetic plus LPBM (IDL, n = 16), injured diabetic plus aerobic exercise (IDE, n = 16) and injured diabetic plus aerobic exercise and LPBM (IDEAL, n = 17). Type 1 diabetes was induced via a single intravenous injection of Streptozotocin at a dose of 40 mg/kg. A partial tenotomy was performed in the right AT. LPBM was performed with an indium-gallium-aluminum-phosphide 660 nm 10 mW laser device (spot size 0.04 cm2, power density 250 mW/cm2, irradiation duration 16 s, energy 0.16 J, energy density 4 J/cm2) on alternate days for a total of 9 sessions over 3 weeks (total energy 1.44 J), using a stationary contact technique to a single point over the dorsal aspect of the AT. Moderate aerobic exercise was performed on a motorized treadmill (velocity 9 m/min for 60 minutes). At 3 weeks post-injury, biomechanical analyzes as well as assessment of fibroblast number and orientation were performed. Collagen 1 (Col1) and 3 (Col3) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) -3 and 13 protein distributions were studied by immunohistochemistry; while Col1 and Col3 and MMP-2 and 9 gene expression were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). IDEAL exhibited significant increases in several biomechanical parameters in comparison to the other groups. Moreover, IDEAL presented stronger Col1 immunoreactivity when compared to ID, and weaker Col3 immunoreactivity than IDE. Both IDL and IDEAL demonstrated weaker expression of MMP-3 in comparison to I, while IDL presented no expression of MMP-13 when compared to ID. ID, IDL and IDE showed an increased number of fibroblasts in comparison to I, while IDEAL decreased the number of these cells in comparison to ID and IDE. IDL and IDEAL groups exhibited decreased angular dispersion among the fibroblasts when compared to I. The gene expression results showed that IDE demonstrated a downregulation in Col1 mRNA expression in comparison to I and ID. IDEAL demonstrated upregulation of Col1 mRNA expression when compared to IDL or IDE alone and increased MMP-2 expression when compared to IDL and IDE. MMP-9 expression was upregulated in IDEAL when compared to I, IDL and IDE. Our results suggest a beneficial interaction of combining both treatment strategies i.e., aerobic exercise and LPBM, on the biomechanical properties, tissue morphology and the expression of matrix molecules in diabetic tendons.

In Vivo Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity and Protective Action of the Seaweed Gracilaria birdiae.

The red seaweed Gracilaria birdiae (GB) is farmed and used as food in northeast Brazil. However, the economic potential of this seaweed has been explored little. To enable direct consumption and/or product diversification from GB, it is necessary to evaluate its effect in vivo. In this study, the food of mice was improved with the addition of GB. After 21 days, the consumption of seaweed reduced the weight gain and blood glucose levels in mice. In addition, it increased the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and glutathione reductase and catalase levels compared to those of the control group. In addition, some mice also received carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). In this case, histological, enzymatic, and antioxidant tests showed that the seaweed could protect animals from damage caused by this toxic agent. In addition, GB aqueous extract (AE) inhibited 50% of 3T3-L1 cell differentiation into adipocytes, whereas GB ethanolic extract was not effective. AE is composed mainly of sulfated polysaccharides. The results of the present study indicate that the alga GB protected the mice from CCl4-induced damage, indicating that the seaweed exhibits protective action in vivo. In addition, GB decreased the animal weight gain, which was mainly due to the action of the sulfated polysaccharides synthesized by this seaweed.

Cytotoxicity, hemolysis and in vivo acute toxicity of 2-hydroxy-3-anilino-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives.

The 1,4-naphthoquinones, important members of the family of quinones are used as both crude extracts and as compound manipulated by the pharmaceutical industry. They have gained great emphasis by presenting different pharmacological properties as antibacterial, antiviral, antiprotozoal and anthelmintic, and has antitumor activity. Our aim was to evaluate the cytotoxicity, hemolytic activity and in vivo acute toxicity of three derivatives of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones. The cell viability in vitro against RAW Cell Line displayed IC50 ranging of 483.5-2044.8 µM, whereas in primary culture tests using murine macrophages, IC50 were 315.8-1408.0 µM for naphthoquinones derivatives 4a and 4c respectively, besides no hemolysis was observed at the dose tested. The in vivo acute toxicity assays exhibited a significant safety margin indicated by a lack of systemic and behavioral toxicity up to 300 mg/kg, and at a dose of 1000 mg/kg the derivatives not triggering signs of toxicity although the compound 4a have promoted hepatic steatosis and hyperemia in kidney tissue. Thereby, these modifications decrease the toxicity of the tested derivatives naphthoquinones, providing a high potential for the development of news drugs.

MC3T3-E1 Cells Behavior on Surfaces Bombarded by Argon Ions in Planar Cathode Discharge.

To evaluate the effect of topography in nanoscale, titanium surfaces were bombarded by argon ions (a chemically inert gas), in an atmosphere of plasma. The effects of surface parameters on morphology, adhesion, proliferation, and MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts differentiation were analyzed. Nontreated (smooth) surfaces were used as a control. The levels of average roughness (Ra) observed in bombarded and smooth titanium surfaces were of 95 and 14 nm, respectively. The wettability increased on treated surfaces. The number of attached cells (30 and 60 min) was significantly higher on the bombarded surface. The cell proliferation after 3 and 7 days was also significantly higher on the ion-bombarded surface. In addition, the ALP activity and expression of osteocalcin were higher in cells grown on the treated surface. The results showed that bombardment with argon ions increased the roughness and the wettability of the Ti surface, promoting a significant increase in the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of preosteoblasts.

Morphohistology of the digestive tract of the damsel fish Stegastes fuscus (Osteichthyes: Pomacentridae).

This study investigated the morphohistology of the digestive tract and the mean intestinal coefficient of the damsel fish Stegastes fuscus captured from the tidal pools of Northeastern Brazil. The wall of the digestive tract of S. fuscus is composed of the tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis, and tunica serosa. The esophagus is short with sphincter and thick distensible wall with longitudinally folded mucosa. Mucous glands are predominant, and the muscular layer of the esophagus presented striated fibers all along its extension. The transition region close to the stomach shows plain and striated muscular fibers. Between the stomach and intestine, there are three pyloric caeca. The intestine is long and thin with four folds around the stomach. The anterior intestine presents folds similar to those of pyloric caeca. The estimated mean intestinal coefficient and characteristics of the digestive system of S. fuscus present morphological adequacy for both herbivorous and omnivorous feeding habits.

Stem cells behavior on titanium surfaces modified by plasma / Análise do comportamento de células-tronco em superfícies de titânio modificadas por plasma

Over the last decade, a considerable development of new technologies to the modification of dental implants has been observed contributing to reduce the healing process and their use in areas with low bone density. Among the new techniques, plasma nitriding has showed excellent results. In this study, a superficial modification of commercial pure titanium (Degree II), by using two different plasma treatments (planar and hollow cathode nitriding) was accomplished aiming at an optimization of the surface for biomedical applications. An evaluation of the chemical composition in all samples was carried out, in addition to a study of their roughness and texture. Then, stem cells were deposited onto these surfaces and a comparison among their properties and their biological behavior was accomplished. The results showed that the nitriding techniques produced significant changes in the superficial texture of the Ti samples. The roughness test presented better results in samples nitrided by hollow cathode technique. Statistically significant differences were found in the cell proliferation of samples nitrided by hollow cathode nitriding when compared to samples without treatment. The used techniques were, therefore, effective and directly influenced the characteristics of the titanium surface and consequently, the stem cell behavior.

Nos últimos anos tem-se observado um grande crescimento em tecnologias para modificação de superfícies de implantes dentais visando reduzir o tempo de espera pela cicatrização, assim como possibilitar seu uso com sucesso em áreas de baixa densidade óssea. Dentre esses métodos de modificação, a nitretação por plasma tem apresentado ótimos resultados. No presente trabalho, estudou-se superfícies de titânio comercialmente puro (Grau II) modificadas através de dois tratamentos por plasma diferentes (nitretação planar e nitretação em cátodo oco), com o objetivo de obter uma otimização da superfície para aplicações biomédicas. Uma avaliação da composição química e um estudo da rugosidade e textura destas amostras foram realizados. Em seguida, depositou-se células-tronco sobre essas superfícies e uma comparação entre as novas propriedades obtidas e a proliferação celular foi feita. Os resultados mostraram que a nitretação por plasma produziu mudanças significativas na textura superficial das amostras de titânio. A rugosidade foi superior nas amostras nitretadas em cátodo oco. Encontrou-se diferença estatisticamente significante na proliferação celular das amostras nitretadas em cátodo oco quando comparadas com as amostras sem tratamento. Essas técnicas de modificação são, portanto, efetivas e possuem influência direta nas características da superfície e no comportamento de células-tronco.

Evaluating the possible genotoxic, mutagenic and tumor cell proliferation-inhibition effects of a non-anticoagulant, but antithrombotic algal heterofucan.

Fucan is a term used to denominate a family of sulfated polysaccharides rich in L-fucose. They are extracted mainly from brown seaweeds and echinoderms. The brown seaweed Spatoglossum schröederi (Dictyotaceae) synthesizes three heterofucans named A, B and C. Our research group purified a non-anticoagulant heterofucan (fucan A) which displays antithrombotic activity in vivo. However, its in vitro toxicity has yet to be determined. This work presents the evaluation of the potential cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and genotoxicity of this fucan. After 48 h incubation fucan A cytotoxicity was determinate using MTT assay. Tumor-cell (HeLa, PC3, PANC, HL60) proliferation was inhibited 2.0-43.7%; at 0.05-1 mg ml⁻¹ of the heterofucan, the 3T3 non-tumor cell line proliferation was also inhibited (3.3-22.0%). On the other hand, the CHO tumorigenic and RAW non-tumor cell lines proliferation were not affected by this molecule (0.05-1 mg ml⁻¹). We observed no mutagenic activity in Salmonella reversion assay when bacterial strains TA97a, TA98, TA100 and TA102 (with and without S9) were used.Comet assay showed that fucan A had no genotoxic effect (from 20 to 1000 mg ml⁻¹) on CHO cells. In conclusion, this study indicates that the S. schröederi fucan A was not found to be genotoxic or mutagenic compound; thus it could be used in new antithrombotic drug development.

Morphological features and vascularization study of caprine cyclic corpus luteum / Características morfológicas e estudo da vascularização do corpo lúteo cíclico de cabras ao longo do ciclo estral

Corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine gland that regulates either the estrous cycle and pregnancy. It presents extreme dependency on the adequate blood supply. This work aims to evaluate goat corpus luteum (CL) vascular density (VD) over the estrous cycle. For that purpose, 20 females were submitted to estrus synchronization/ovulation treatment using a medroxyprogesterone intra-vaginal sponge as well as intramuscular (IM) application of cloprostenol and equine chorionic gonadotrophine (eCG). After sponge removal, estrus was identified at about 72hs. Once treatment was over, female goats were then subdivided into 4 groups (n=5 each) and slaughtered on days 2, 12, 16 and 22 after ovulation (p.o). Ovaries were collected, withdrawn and weighted. CL and ovaries had size and area recorded. Blood samples were collected and the plasma progesterone (P4) was measured through RIA commercial kits. The VD was 24.42±6.66, 36.26±5.61, 8.59±2.2 and 3.97±1.12 vessels/mm² for days 2, 12, 16 and 22 p.o, respectively. Progesterone plasma concentrations were 0.49±0.08, 2.63±0.66, 0.61±0.14 and 0.22±0.04ng/ml for days 2, 12, 16 e 22 p.o, respectively. Studied parameters were affected by the estrous cycle phase. Values greater than 12 p.o were observed. In the present work we observed that ovulation occurred predominantly in the right ovary (70 percent of the animals), which in turn presented bigger measures than the contra lateral one. There is a meaningful relationship between the weight and size of the ovary and these of CL (r=0.87, r=0.70, respectively, p<0.05). It is possible to conclude that morphology of goat's ovaries and plasma progesterone concentration changed according to estrous cycle stages. We propose these parameters can be used as indicators of CL functional activity.

O corpo lúteo é uma glândula endócrina temporária que regula tanto o ciclo estral quanto a prenhez, apresentando extrema dependência de aporte sanguíneo adequado. Objetivaram-se avaliar mudanças morfométricas dos ovários e densidade vascular (DV) dos corpos lúteos (CL) de cabras ao longo do ciclo estral (AOLC). Vinte animais foram submetidos ao tratamento para indução/sincronização do estro, usando esponjas intravaginais commedroxiprogesterona, associadas a aplicações intramusculares de cloprostenol e gonadotrofina coriônica eqüina. Após remoção das esponjas, o estro foi identificado em aproximadamente de 72h. Concluído o tratamento, as cabras foram subdivididas em 4 grupos (n=5 cada) para abate nos dias 2, 12, 16 e 22 após ovulação (p.o.). Posteriormente, foram retirados os ovários e realizadas as mensurações de peso, tamanho e área do órgão e dos CL. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas e a progesterona sérica (P4) mensurada utilizando-se RIA convencional. A DV média dos CL AOLC foi 24,42±6,66; 36,26±5,61; 8,59±2,2 e 3,97±1,12 vasos/mm2 para os dias 2, 12, 16 e 22 p.o., respectivamente. A concentração média de P4 foi de 0,49±0,08; 2,63±0,66; 0,61±0,14 e 0,22±0,04ng/ml para os dias 2, 12, 16 e 22 p.o., respectivamente. Os parâmetros em estudo também se mostraram afetados pela fase do ciclo estral, sendo observados os maiores (p < 0,05) valores no dia 12 p.o. Neste experimento, a ovulação ocorreu predominantemente no ovário direito (70 por cento dos animais), o qual apresentou medidas maiores que o contralateral. Observou-se ainda alta correlação significativa entre o peso do ovário e o do CL (r=0,87; p<0,05) e entre o tamanho destes órgãos (r=0,70; p<0,05). Conclui-se que, a morfologia dos ovários de cabras e a concentração sérica de progesterona variam em função da fase do ciclo estral e podem ser utilizadas como parâmetro na avaliação funcional do órgão.

Effect of titanium surface modified by plasma energy source on genotoxic response in vitro.

Titanium (Ti) is currently the most widely used material for the manufacture of orthopedic and dental implants. Changes in the surface of commercial pure Ti (cp Ti) can determine the functional response of cells, and is therefore a critical factor for the success of the implant. However, the genotoxicity of titanium surfaces has been poorly studied. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic potential of a new titanium surface developed by plasma treatment using argon-ion bombardment and compare it with an untreated titanium surface. Accordingly, comet assay, analysis of chromosomal aberrations (CAs), and Cytokinesis Block Micronucleus (CBMN) assay were carried out, using CHO-K1 (Chinese hamster ovary) cells grown on both titanium surfaces. Our results show that the untreated titanium surface caused a significant increase in % tail moment, in the number of cells with CAs, tetraploidy, micronucleus frequency, and other nuclear alterations when compared with the negative control and with the plasma-treated titanium surface. This difference may be attributed to increased surface roughness and changes in titanium oxide layer thickness.

BC nanofibres: in vitro study of genotoxicity and cell proliferation.

Nanomaterials have unusual properties not found in the bulk materials, which can be exploited in numerous applications such as biosensing, electronics, scaffolds for tissue engineering, diagnostics and drug delivery. However, research in the past few years has turned up a range of potential health hazards, which has given birth to the new discipline of nanotoxicology. Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a promising material for biomedical applications, namely due its biocompatibility. Although BC has been shown not to be cytotoxic or genotoxic, the properties of isolated BC nanofibres (NFs) on cells and tissues has never been analysed. Considering the toxicity associated to other fibre-shaped nanoparticles, it seems crucial to evaluate the toxicity associated to the BC-NFs. In this work, nanofibres were produced from bacterial cellulose by a combination of acid and ultrasonic treatment. The genotoxicity of nanofibres from bacterial cellulose was analysed in vitro, using techniques previously demonstrated to detect the genotoxicity of fibrous nanoparticles. The results from single cell gel electrophoresis (also known as comet assay) and the Salmonella reversion assays showed that NFs are not genotoxicity under the conditions tested. A proliferation assay using fibroblasts and CHO cells reveals a slight reduction in the proliferation rate, although no modification in the cell morphology is observed.

Análise comparativa da origem do plexo branquial de catetos (Tayassu tajacu) / Comparative analysis of the origin of the brachial plexus of the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu)

O cateto (Tayassu tajacu) pertence à familia Tayassui-dae e é caracterizado por "colar" de pêlos brancos ao redor do pescoço que se estende bilateralmente cranialmente aos ombros. Pode ser encontrado do sudoeste dos Estados Unidos da América até a Argentina. Na literatura verificou-se a falta de dados a respeito da anatomia funcional do cateto especialmente trabalhos que envolvem a anatomia do plexo braquial. Visando elucidar o comportamento do plexo braquial do cateto e com a finalidade de contribuir para o desenvolvimento da anatomia comparada, realizou-se esta pesquisa. Utilizou-se 30 animais de idades diferentes (13 fêmeas e 17 machos) provenientes do Centro de Multiplicação de Animais Silvestres, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-árido, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte. Após o abate, realizou-se a dissecação bilateral dos plexos braquiais e registraram-se os resultados através de desenhos esquemáticos e as disposições agrupadas em tabelas para subseqüente análise estatística e obtidas as freqüências percentuais. Observou-se que o plexo braquial de catetos é resultado das comunicações estabelecidas, principalmente, entre os ramos ventrais dos três últimos nervos espinhais cervicais (C6, C7 e C8) e dos dois primeiros nervos espinhais torácicos (T1 e T2), tendo uma contribuição do quarto e quinto nervos cervicais em 16,67 por cento e 50,00 por cento dos casos, respectivamente. Em 40,00 por cento das dissecações a formação do plexo, mais freqüente, foi do tipo C6, C7, C8, T1 e T2. Os principais nervos derivados do plexo braquial dos catetos e suas respectivas origens foram: nervo supraescapular (C6 e C7), nervo subscapular (C5, C6 e C7 ou C6 e C7), nervo axilar (C6 e C7), nervo músculocutâneo (C7 e C8), nervo mediano (C7, C8, T1 e T2), nervo ulnar (C8, T1 e T2), nervo radial (C8, T1 e T2), nervos peitorais craniais (C7) e caudais (C7 e C8), nervo toracodorsal (C6, C7 e C8), nervo torácico longo (C7 e C8) e nervo torácico lateral (C8, T1 e T2).

Collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) belongs to the Tayassuidae family, characterized by a "collar" of white hairs that cross behind the neck and extend bilaterally in front of the shoulders. It can be found from south-western United States to Argentina. In the literature a shortage of data is verified regarding the functional anatomy of the collared peccaries, especially of studies that involve the anatomy of the brachial plexus. To elucidate the behavior of this plexus of collared peccaries and with the purpose to contribute for the development of compared anatomy, this study was accomplished. Thirty animals of different ages were used (17 males and 13 females) coming from the Wild Animal Multiplication Center of the "Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido" Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. After slaughter bilateral dissection of the brachial plexuses took place, and the results were registered in schematic drawings and the dispositions grouped in tables for subsequent statistical analysis based on the percentile frequency. It was found that the Plexus brachialis of collared peccaries is the result of established communications, mainly among the Rami ventrales of the last three cervical nerves and of the first two thoracic nerves, having a contribution of the fourth and fifth cervical nerves in 16.67 percent and 50.00 percent of the cases, respectively. In 40.00 percent of the dissections the most frequent plexus was of the type C6, C7, C8, T1 and T2. The main nerves derived from brachial plexus of the collared peccaries and its respective origins had been: Nervus suprascapularis (C6, C7), Nn. subscapulares (C5, C6 e C7 or C6 e C7), N. axillaris (C6, C7), N. musculocutaneus (C7, C8), N. medianus (C7, C8, T1, T2), N. radialis (C8, T1, T2), N. ulnaris (C8, T1, T2), cranialis (C7), and caudalis (C7, C8) Nn. pectorales , N. thoracodorsalis (C6, C7, C8), N. thoracicus longus (C7, C8), and N. thoracicus lateralis (C8, T1, T2).

Análise comparativa da origem do plexo branquial de catetos (Tayassu tajacu) / Comparative analysis of the origin of the brachial plexus of the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu)

O cateto (Tayassu tajacu) pertence à familia Tayassui-dae e é caracterizado por "colar" de pêlos brancos ao redor do pescoço que se estende bilateralmente cranialmente aos ombros. Pode ser encontrado do sudoeste dos Estados Unidos da América até a Argentina. Na literatura verificou-se a falta de dados a respeito da anatomia funcional do cateto especialmente trabalhos que envolvem a anatomia do plexo braquial. Visando elucidar o comportamento do plexo braquial do cateto e com a finalidade de contribuir para o desenvolvimento da anatomia comparada, realizou-se esta pesquisa. Utilizou-se 30 animais de idades diferentes (13 fêmeas e 17 machos) provenientes do Centro de Multiplicação de Animais Silvestres, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-árido, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte. Após o abate, realizou-se a dissecação bilateral dos plexos braquiais e registraram-se os resultados através de desenhos esquemáticos e as disposições agrupadas em tabelas para subseqüente análise estatística e obtidas as freqüências percentuais. Observou-se que o plexo braquial de catetos é resultado das comunicações estabelecidas, principalmente, entre os ramos ventrais dos três últimos nervos espinhais cervicais (C6, C7 e C8) e dos dois primeiros nervos espinhais torácicos (T1 e T2), tendo uma contribuição do quarto e quinto nervos cervicais em 16,67 por cento e 50,00 por cento dos casos, respectivamente. Em 40,00 por cento das dissecações a formação do plexo, mais freqüente, foi do tipo C6, C7, C8, T1 e T2. Os principais nervos derivados do plexo braquial dos catetos e suas respectivas origens foram: nervo supraescapular (C6 e C7), nervo subscapular (C5, C6 e C7 ou C6 e C7), nervo axilar (C6 e C7), nervo músculocutâneo (C7 e C8), nervo mediano (C7, C8, T1 e T2), nervo ulnar (C8, T1 e T2), nervo radial (C8, T1 e T2), nervos peitorais craniais (C7) e caudais (C7 e C8), nervo toracodorsal (C6, C7 e C8), nervo torácico longo (C7 e C8) e nervo torácico lateral (C8, T1 e T2).

Collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) belongs to the Tayassuidae family, characterized by a "collar" of white hairs that cross behind the neck and extend bilaterally in front of the shoulders. It can be found from south-western United States to Argentina. In the literature a shortage of data is verified regarding the functional anatomy of the collared peccaries, especially of studies that involve the anatomy of the brachial plexus. To elucidate the behavior of this plexus of collared peccaries and with the purpose to contribute for the development of compared anatomy, this study was accomplished. Thirty animals of different ages were used (17 males and 13 females) coming from the Wild Animal Multiplication Center of the "Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido" Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. After slaughter bilateral dissection of the brachial plexuses took place, and the results were registered in schematic drawings and the dispositions grouped in tables for subsequent statistical analysis based on the percentile frequency. It was found that the Plexus brachialis of collared peccaries is the result of established communications, mainly among the Rami ventrales of the last three cervical nerves and of the first two thoracic nerves, having a contribution of the fourth and fifth cervical nerves in 16.67 percent and 50.00 percent of the cases, respectively. In 40.00 percent of the dissections the most frequent plexus was of the type C6, C7, C8, T1 and T2. The main nerves derived from brachial plexus of the collared peccaries and its respective origins had been: Nervus suprascapularis (C6, C7), Nn. subscapulares (C5, C6 e C7 or C6 e C7), N. axillaris (C6, C7), N. musculocutaneus (C7, C8), N. medianus (C7, C8, T1, T2), N. radialis (C8, T1, T2), N. ulnaris (C8, T1, T2), cranialis (C7), and caudalis (C7, C8) Nn. pectorales , N. thoracodorsalis (C6, C7, C8), N. thoracicus longus (C7, C8), and N. thoracicus lateralis (C8, T1, T2).