The triple epidemics of arboviruses in Feira de Santana, Brazilian Northeast: Epidemiological characteristics and diffusion patterns.

Arboviruses are diseases of worldwide importance in the field of communicable diseases. In Brazil, the reemergence of dengue and the emergence of chikungunya and Zika since 2014 have led to epidemic waves of great magnitude and rapid spread. However, their diffusion patterns vary and change over time. This study analyzes the spatial diffusion of the simultaneous circulation of three arboviruses transmitted by the same vector in a large urban space over two epidemic waves in consecutive years. An ecological study of spatial and temporal aggregates on the occurrence of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, from 2014 to 2019, in Feira de Santana, Bahia State, was carried out using data of cases reported to the national surveillance system. Four different methods were used to analyze the spatial diffusion: Kernel Estimation with sequential maps, cumulative nearest-neighbor ratios (NNI) over time, spatial correlograms and local autocorrelation changes (LISA) over time. From 2014-2019, there were 21,723 confirmed cases of arboviruses. The highest incidences were among women (496.9, 220.2, and 91.0 cases/100,000 women for dengue, chikungunya and Zika respectively). By age group, the highest incidences were from ages 10-19 years old (609.3 dengue cases/100,000), from 60 and more (306.7 chikungunya cases/100,000), and from 0-9 years old (124.1 Zika cases/100,000 inhabitants). The temporal distribution demonstrated two epidemic waves of simultaneous circulation in 2014 and 2015. Kernel maps indicate that arboviruses spread to neighboring areas near the first hotspots, suggesting an expansion diffusion pattern. The NNI, spatial correlograms and LISA changes results suggest expansion patterns for the three arboviruses in all periods. The spatial diffusion pattern of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya in the 2014-2015 epidemics in Feira de Santana was expansion. These findings are useful to guide prevention measures and reduce occurrence in other areas.

Seroprevalence of Chikungunya virus and living conditions in Feira de Santana, Bahia-Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Chikungunya is an arbovirus, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, which emerged in the Americas in 2013 and spread rapidly to almost every country on this continent. In Brazil, where the first cases were detected in 2014, it currently has reached all regions of this country and more than 900,000 cases were reported. The clinical spectrum of chikungunya ranges from an acute self-limiting form to disabling chronic forms. The purpose of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of chikungunya infection in a large Brazilian city and investigate the association between viral circulation and living condition. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We conducted a population-based ecological study in selected Sentinel Areas (SA) through household interviews and a serologic survey in 2016/2017. The sample was of 1,981 individuals randomly selected. The CHIKV seroprevalence was 22.1% (17.1 IgG, 2.3 IgM, and 1.4 IgG and IgM) and varied between SA from 2.0% to 70.5%. The seroprevalence was significantly lower in SA with high living conditions compared to SA with low living condition. There was a positive association between CHIKV seroprevalence and population density (r = 0.2389; p = 0.02033). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The seroprevalence in this city was 2.6 times lower than the 57% observed in a study conducted in the epicentre of the CHIKV epidemic of this same urban centre. So, the herd immunity in this general population, after four years of circulation of this agent is relatively low. It indicates that CHIKV transmission may persist in that city, either in endemic form or in the form of a new epidemic, because the vector infestation is persistent. Besides, the significantly lower seroprevalences in SA of higher Living Condition suggest that beyond the surveillance of the disease, vector control and specific actions of basic sanitation, the reduction of the incidence of this infection also depends on the improvement of the general living conditions of the population.

Yellow fever transmission in non-human primates, Bahia, Northeastern Brazil.

Yellow fever virus (YFV) causes a clinical syndrome of acute hemorrhagic hepatitis. YFV transmission involves non-human primates (NHP), mosquitoes and humans. By late 2016, Brazil experienced the largest YFV outbreak of the last 100 years, with 2050 human confirmed cases, with 681 cases ending in death and 764 confirmed epizootic cases in NHP. Among affected areas, Bahia state in Northeastern was the only region with no autochthonous human cases. By using next generation sequence approach, we investigated the molecular epidemiology of YFV in NHP in Bahia and discuss what factors might have prevented human cases. We investigated 47 YFV positive tissue samples from NHP cases to generate 8 novel YFV genomes. ML phylogenetic tree reconstructions and automated subtyping tools placed the newly generated genomes within the South American genotype I (SA I). Our analysis revealed that the YFV genomes from Bahia formed two distinct well-supported phylogenetic clusters that emerged most likely of an introduction from Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo states. Vegetation coverage analysis performed shows predominantly low to medium vegetation coverage in Bahia state. Together, our findings support the hypothesis of two independent YFV SA-I introductions. We also highlighted the effectiveness of the actions taken by epidemiological surveillance team of the state to prevented human cases.

Sociodemographic, sexual, and reproductive variables associated with pregnancy among adolescents from low socioeconomic background.

Adolescent pregnancy remains a public health concern in both developed and developing countries. Portugal and Brazil represent some of the best examples of this phenomenon. The present study aimed to identify sociodemographic, sexual, and reproductive health-related variables associated with adolescent pregnancy among students from low socioeconomic backgrounds in both countries. The sample included 984 female adolescents, among whom 215 became pregnant. Living with a partner and lack of information about sex and contraception from the family were the best explicative factors for pregnancy occurrence in both countries. Country-specific variables were also identified. Our results may contribute to developing global preventive interventions, addressing the school as an ideal setting for primary intervention and considering culture-specific characteristics of high-risk populations.

Elbella luteizona (Mabille, 1877) (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae: Pyrginae) in Brazilian Cerrado: larval morphology, diet, and shelter architecture

Abstract This study examined temporal variation in the abundance of immature stages of Elbella luteizona (Hesperiidae) and describes the morphology and behavior of the larvae on their host plants, Byrsonima coccolobifolia and Myrsine guianensis. Five hundred sixty-eight 10 m diameter plots were searched for caterpillars in the Brazilian Cerrado over a period of one year. We inspected 5968 host plants, and found 31 eggs and 262 larvae on 244 plants. Similar numbers of immatures were found in both species of host plants. The abundance of immature stages varied monthly and was significantly higher in the dry season on both host plants, which may be due to the low density of natural enemies during that time. E. luteizona is univoltine, and larvae present relatively little morphological variation. However, during development, substantial changes occur in the architecture of leaf shelters that caterpillars construct. In addition, E. luteizona larvae develop very slowly, taking more than 300 days to complete metamorphosis.

Biology of the immature stages of Strymon crambusa (Lycaenidae, Theclinae) on Oxalidaceae

ABSTRACT We document the biology and morphology of the egg, caterpillar, and pupa of Strymon crambusa (Hewitson, 1874), a Neotropical Eumaeini. In the Cerrado, the caterpillar feeds on the inflorescences and leaves of Oxalis L. S. crambusa has four larval instars, all of which are illustrated. The density of caterpillars on plants is higher than that recorded for leaf-feeding caterpillars and other flower-feeding Eumaeini, which suggests that the species is a specialist on Oxalidaceae in the Cerrado.

Consumo por idosos nos arranjos familiares "unipessoal" e "residindo com o cônjuge": uma análise por regiões do país, a partir de dados da POF (2008/2009) / Consumption by the elderly in "unipersonal" and "living with a spouse" family arrangements: an analysis per regions in the country, from POF data (2008/2009)

OBJETIVO: Identificar e comparar, com base nos microdados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares POF/IBGE (2008/2009), os tipos de bens e serviços que os idosos dos arranjos familiares "unipessoal" e "residindo com o cônjuge" consomem nas diversas regiões do país. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo, quantitativo, com corte transversal, que utilizou os microdados da POF/IBGE (2008/2009), utilizando variáveis sociodemográficas e bens e serviços consumidos pelos idosos dos dois arranjos supracitados. Os dados foram extraídos utilizando-se o software STATA e analisados estatisticamente por meio do SPSS. RESULTADOS: Em ambos os arranjos familiares pesquisados, os maiores gastos em relação às categorias de despesas analisadas eram dos idosos que residiam com o cônjuge e moravam na Região Sul do país. A renda total do domicílio foi o fator que teve maior influência no consumo de bens e serviços entre os arranjos familiares. CONCLUSÃO: Em ambos os arranjos familiares estudados, os residentes na Região Sul apresentaram os maiores gastos, uma vez que apresentaram maior renda. Logo, verifica-se que a desigualdade na distribuição da renda no país é fator que influencia no consumo de bens e serviços, uma vez que a renda está diretamente relacionada ao poder de compra. .

OBJECTIVE: To identify and to compare, based on microdata from POF/IBGE (2008/2009), the types of goods and services consumed by the elderly of "unipersonal" families and "residing with the spouse" in the different regions in the country. METHODS: Descriptive, quantitative and transversal study that used microdata of POF/IBGE (2008/2009) using social-demographic variables and goods and services consumed by the elderly of the two previously mentioned arrangements. Data were extracted using STATA software and statistically analyzed using SPSS. RESULTS: The highest expenses in relation to expenditure categories analyzed were for the elderly who lived with their spouse and lived in the Southern Region of the country in both family arrangements studied. Total household income was the factor that had the greatest influence on the consumption of goods and services among family arrangements. CONCLUSION: In both family arrangements members studied, those who resided in the Southern Region are those with the biggest spending, once presented higher income. Soon, one realizes that unequal distribution of income in the country is a factor that influences the consumption of goods and services, since income is directly related to purchasing power. .

Larval biology of anthophagous Eumaeini (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae, Theclinae) in the cerrado of central Brazil.

The biology and morphology of the early stages of 22 species of Eumaeini (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae, Theclinae) are presented. Observations were collected through the inspection of inflorescences in the field and the rearing of 214 larvae in laboratory. Allosmaitia strophius (Godart) associated with Malpighiaceae species and the polyphagous Strymon mulucha (Hewitson) were the most frequently collected species. Detritivory was observed in two species, Electrostrymon endymion (F.) and Kisutam syllis (Godman & Salvin), and myrmecophily in four other species, A. strophius, Ministrymon azia (Hewitson), Parrhasius polibetes (Stoll), and S. mulucha. Cannibalism was observed in A. strophius; in addition, the pupa of this and of three other species produced audible sounds. Paiwarria aphaca (Hewitson) was highlighted because of the great difference observed between its first and last instars, as well as the marked difference between that species and the larvae of Paiwarria umbratus (Geyer) documented in Costa Rica. Larvae of Calycopis mimas (Godman & Salvin) displayed "bungee jumping" behavior when stimulated. Parasitoids (Diptera, Hymenoptera) attacked 21 larvae of eight species, A. strophius, K. syllis, M. azia, Pai. aphaca, P. polibetes, Rekoa marius (Lucas), S. mulucha, and Tmolus venustus (H.H. Druce). Illustrations of immatures and parasitoids are provided.

Psychological and quality of life outcomes in pediatric populations: a parent-child perspective.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the levels of quality of life (QoL) and psychological adjustment of children with different chronic health conditions with healthy children; to compare the QoL of parents of children with a chronic condition with parents of healthy children; and to examine the role of parents' QoL and children's psychological adjustment (ie, internalizing/externalizing problems) on children's QoL. STUDY DESIGN: The sample comprised 964 family dyads composed of 1 parent and 1 child/adolescent aged 8-18 years with diabetes (n = 85), asthma (n = 308), epilepsy (n = 68), cerebral palsy (n = 94), obesity (n = 110), or no medical conditions (n = 299). The children completed self-report measures of QoL and psychological adjustment, and the parents completed a questionnaire on QoL. RESULTS: Children with epilepsy and obesity reported the lowest levels of QoL and elevated levels of psychological problems, and parents of children with obesity reported the lowest levels of QoL. Adolescents reported worse adjustment than children. Regression models revealed that children's internalizing and externalizing problems were important, although distinct, explanatory factors of QoL across all groups. CONCLUSION: Children with chronic conditions, particularly epilepsy and obesity, are at increased risk for maladjustment. A routine assessment of QoL and psychological functioning should be performed in these children to better understand how specific conditions affect the lives of children with chronic conditions and their families. Family-oriented pediatrics should be considered, particularly in the treatment of obesity.

A inserção feminina no mercado de trabalho e suas implicações para os hábitos alimentares da mulher e de sua família / The women insertion in the labour market and its implications for the food habits of women and their families

Este estudo analisou os hábitos alimentares de mulheres inseridas no mercado de trabalho formal e de suas famílias. A pesquisa foi realizada na cidade de Viçosa/MG. A amostra foi de 101 mulheres. Os dados foram obtidos através de uma entrevista fundamentada em um roteiro semiestruturado. O estudo permite concluir que qualquer mudança na família, tal como a atividade remunerada exercida pela mulher, produz um remanejamento de funções. Os hábitos alimentares, apesar de sofrerem influência da atividade remunerada exercida pela mulher, não são totalmente diferenciados dos hábitos das donas de casa quando se analisa a inserção feminina no mercado de trabalho.

The study analyzed the eating habits of women included in the formal labor market and their families. The survey was conducted in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, using a sample of 101 women. Data were collected through a semi-structured interview. It was concluded that any change in the family, as for example the paid activity performed by the wife, produces a redistribution of the functions. Eating habits, despite being influenced by the paid activity performed by women, are not fully differentiated from the habits of housewives when it is regarded the inclusion of women in the labor market.

Aspectos biológicos de Heliopetes arsalte (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hesperiidae, Pyrginae) em cerrado do Distrito Federal / Biological aspects of Heliopetes arsalte (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hesperiidae, Pyrginae) in cerrado of Federal District

Heliopetes arsalte (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hesperiidae, Pyrginae) é uma espécie com ampla distribuição, especialmente em vegetação aberta, e suas larvas utilizam diversas espécies de Malvaceae como plantas hospedeiras. Larvas de H. arsalte foram encontradas em inflorescências de Pavonia rosa-campestris St. Hil. (Malvaceae), sendo este um novo registro de planta hospedeira desta espécie de borboleta no cerrado do Brasil central. Ilustrações de ovo, da larva e da pupa, e a ocorrência de parasitismo da larva por Braconidae (Hymenoptera) são apresentadas.

Heliopetes arsalte (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hesperiidae, Pyrginae) is a widespread skipper butterfly, commonly found in open sites. The larvae may utilize several species of Malvaceae as host plants. In this study, larvae of H. arsalte were observed on inflorescences of Pavonia rosa-campestris St. Hil. (Malvaceae), which represents a new record of host plants for this butterfly in cerrado of central Brazil. Illustrations of the immature and adult stages, as well as the occurrence of parasitism by Braconidae (Hymenoptera) are presented.

Seasonality in insect abundance in the "Cerrado" of Goiás State, Brazil

Seasonality in insect abundance in the "Cerrado" of Goiás State, Brazil. Many studies have provided evidence that tropical insects undergo seasonal changes in abundance and that this is partly due to alternation between the dry and rainy seasons. In the Brazilian "Cerrado" (savannah), this season alternation is particularly evident. The purpose of this work was to study the seasonal abundance of insects in a "Cerrado" area in the municipality of Pirenópolis, Goiás State, Brazil. The insects were captured fortnightly using a light trap between September 2005 and August 2006. The insects collected were separated at the order level and counted. Faunistic analysis was performed to select the predominant insect orders, a multiple linear regression to examine the relation between climatic variables (temperature and precipitation) with the abundance of insects and a circular distribution analysis to evaluate the existence of seasonality in the abundance of insect orders. A total of 34,741 insect specimens were captured, belonging to 19 orders. The orders with the greatest number of specimens were Hymenoptera (8,022), Coleoptera (6,680), Diptera (6,394), Lepidoptera (6,223), Isoptera (2,272), Hemiptera (2,240) and Trichoptera (1,967), which represent 97.3 percent of all the specimens collected. All the orders, except for Diptera, Isoptera and Trichoptera, showed a relationship with the climate variables (temperature), and all the orders, except for Diptera, presented a grouped distribution, with greater abundance in the transition from the end of the dry season (September) to the start of the rainy one (October/November). A discussion about seasonality on the abundance of the insects is presented.

Sazonalidade na abundância de insetos no Cerrado de Goiás, Brasil. Alguns estudos fornecem evidências de que os insetos tropicais possuem variação na abundância entre as estações seca e chuvosa. No Cerrado brasileiro, a alternância entre seca e chuva é particularmente evidente. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar se existe variação sazonal na abundância de insetos em uma área de Cerrado em Pirenópolis, Goiás, Brasil. As amostras foram coletadas quinzenalmente com armadilha luminosa, entre setembro/2005 e agosto/2006. Os insetos coletados foram separados em nível de ordem e contados. Foi realizada uma análise faunística para selecionar as ordens de insetos predominantes, uma regressão linear múltipla para verificar a relação das variáveis climáticas (temperatura e precipitação) com a abundância de insetos e uma análise circular de distribuição para se avaliar a existência de sazonalidade na abundância das ordens de insetos. Foram coletados 34.741 espécimes de insetos pertencentes a 19 ordens. As ordens com mais espécimes foram Hymenoptera (8.022), Coleoptera (6.680), Diptera (6.394), Lepidoptera (6.223), Isoptera (2.272), Hemiptera (2.240) e Trichoptera (1.967), que somaram 97,3 por cento do total coletado. Todas as ordens, com exceção de Diptera, Isoptera e Trichoptera, apresentaram relação com temperatura, e todas as ordens com exceção de Diptera, apresentaram distribuição agrupada, com maior abundância na transição seca (setembro) e chuva (outubro/novembro). Discussão sobre a sazonalidade na abundância dos Insecta é apresentada.