Genomic profiling in GIST: Implications in clinical outcome and future challenges.

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) are the most frequent mesenchymal neoplasia of the digestive tract. Genomic alterations in KIT, PDFGRA, SDH, and BRAF genes are essential in GIST oncogenesis. Therefore, the mutations in these genes have demonstrated clinical implications. Tumors with deletions in KIT-exon 11 or duplications in exon 9 are associated with a worse prognosis. In contrast, KIT-exon 11 substitutions and duplications are associated with a better clinical outcome. Moreover, mutations in Kit exon 9 and 11 are actionable, due to their response to imatinib, while mutations in PDGFRA respond to sunitinib and/or avapritinib. Although, molecular testing on tissue samples is effective; it is invasive, requires adequate amounts of tissue, and a long experimental process is needed for results. In contrast, liquid biopsy has been proposed as a simple and non-invasive method to test biomarkers in cancer. The most common molecule analyzed by liquid biopsy is circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). GISTs ctDNA testing has been demonstrated to be effective in identifying known and novel KIT mutations that were not detected using traditional tissue DNA testing and have been useful in determining progression risk and response to TKI therapy. This allows the clinician to have an accurate picture of the genetic changes of the tumor over time. In this work, we aimed to discuss the implications of mutational testing in clinical outcomes, the methods to test ctDNA and the future challenges in the establishment of alternatives of personalized medicine.

Penicillin-Binding Proteins and Alternative Dual-Beta-Lactam Combinations for Serious Enterococcus faecalis Infections with Elevated Penicillin MICs.

Ampicillin-ceftriaxone has become a first-line therapy for Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis. We characterized the penicillin-binding protein (PBP) profiles of various E. faecalis strains and tested for synergy to better inform beta-lactam options for the treatment of E. faecalis infections. We assessed the affinity of PBP2B from elevated-MIC strain E. faecalis LS4828 compared to type strain JH2-2 using the fluorescent beta-lactam Bocillin FL. We also characterized pbp4 and pbpA structures and PBP4 and PBP2B expression and used deletion and complementation studies to assess the impact of PBP2B on the levels of resistance. We tested penicillin-susceptible and -resistant E. faecalis isolates against ceftriaxone or ceftaroline combinations with other beta-lactams in 24-h time-kill studies. Two penicillin-susceptible strains (JH2-2 and L2052) had identical pbp sequences and similar PBP expression levels. One reduced-penicillin-susceptibility strain (L2068) had pbp sequences identical to those of the susceptible strains but expressed more PBP4. The second decreased-penicillin-susceptibility strain (LS4828) had amino acid substitutions in both PBP4 and PBP2B and expressed increased quantities of both proteins. PBP2B did not appear to contribute significantly to the elevated beta-lactam MICs. No synergy was demonstrable against the strains with both mutated PBPs and increased expression (L2068 and LS4828). Meropenem plus ceftriaxone or ertapenem plus ceftriaxone demonstrated the most consistent synergistic activity. PBP2B of strain LS4828 does not contribute significantly to reduced penicillin susceptibility. Neither the MIC nor the level of PBP expression correlated directly with the identified synergistic combinations when tested at static subinhibitory concentrations.

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Bipolar Disorder: How Feasible Is This Pairing?

Bipolar disorder is a psychiatric disorder that affects a significant part of the world's population; however, its diagnosis is difficult, mainly because of the lack of biomarkers and objective tests that aid the clinical evaluation. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a tool that is relatively unused in the medical field. Its application arises from conventional magnetic resonance, and allows non-invasive, in vivo, the study of various metabolites and compounds in the human brain. This method may allow the assessment of neurobiochemical alterations in bipolar patients. One of the main advantages of this study type is the simplicity in its use since it only needs a standard magnetic resonator. All these characteristics make it an attractive diagnostic tool that can be used anywhere, including in low-middle-income countries. In conclusion, MRS has potential as a diagnostic tool for bipolar disorder; nevertheless, using it for this purpose still requires additional steps.

Comparative Life History Parameters of Three Stink Bug Pest Species.

California pistachios are threatened by several stink bug species (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), including the native Thyanta pallidovirens (Stål) and Chlorochroa uhleri (Stål), as well as the invasive Nezara viridula (L.). In pistachio, control tactics often target specific life stages, which makes knowledge about life histories fundamental to successful IPM programs. For that purpose, life history parameters of these stink bug species were assessed. Nymphal development and survivorship at seven constant temperatures, upper and lower development thresholds, thermal constants, adult longevity and fecundity, and life table parameters were evaluated. No species completed development at 15°C or 35°C. For N. viridula, egg to adult development was fastest at 30°C, whereas for T. pallidovirens there was no significant difference between 27.5 and 30°C and C. uhleri development was similar between 25 and 30°C. Egg to adult survival was highest at 22.5°C and 27.5°C. The thermal requirements as degree-days (DD) to complete immature development were estimated to be 714.3, 370.4, and 434.8 for C. uhleri, T. pallidovirens, and N. viridula, respectively. For C. uhleri, life table calculations produced a value of 56.7 d for mean generation time (To), 24.89 for net reproductive rate (Ro) and 0.057 for the intrinsic rate of increase (r). Thyanta pallidovirens had a To of 39.9 d, a Ro of 81.10 and a r of 0.11. The results are discussed with respect to the improvement of IPM in California pistachios, and the information presented may contribute to the control of these pest species in other ecosystems.

Coordinated transient interaction of ZO-1 and afadin is required for pedestal maturation induced by EspF from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) infection causes a histopathological lesion including recruitment of F-actin beneath the attached bacteria and formation of actin-rich pedestal-like structures. Another important target of EPEC is the tight junction (TJ), and EspF induces displacement of TJ proteins and increased intestinal permeability. Previously, we determined that an EPEC strain lacking EspF did not cause TJ disruption; meanwhile, pedestals were located on the TJ and smaller than those induced by the wild-type strain. Therefore, EspF could be playing an important role in both phenotypes. Here, using different cell models, we found that EspF was essential for pedestal maturation through ZO-1 disassembly from TJ, leading to (a) ZO-1 recruitment to the pedestal structure; no other main TJ proteins were required. Recruited ZO-1 allowed the afadin recruitment. (b) Afadin recruitment caused an afadin-ZO-1 transient interaction, like during TJ formation. (c) Afadin and ZO-1 were segregated to the tip and the stem of pedestal, respectively, causing pedestal maturation. Initiation of these three discrete phases for pedestal maturation functionally and physically required EspF expression. Pedestal maturation process could help coordinate the epithelial actomyosin function by maintaining the actin-rich column composing the pedestal structure and could be important in the dynamics of the pedestal movement on epithelial cells.

Cell surface display of proteins on filamentous fungi.

Protein display approaches have been useful to endow the cell surface of yeasts with new catalytic activities so that they can act as enhanced whole-cell biocatalysts. Despite their biotechnological potential, protein display technologies remain poorly developed for filamentous fungi. The lignocellulolytic character of some of them coupled to the cell surface biosynthesis of valuable molecules by a single or a cascade of several displayed enzymes is an appealing prospect. Cell surface protein display consists in the co-translational fusion of a functional protein (passenger) to an anchor one, usually a cell-wall-resident protein. The abundance, spacing, and local environment of the displayed enzymes-determined by the relationship of the anchor protein with the structure and dynamics of the engineered cell wall-are factors that influence the performance of display-based biocatalysts. The development of protein display strategies in filamentous fungi could be based on the field advances in yeasts; however, the unique composition, structure, and biology of filamentous fungi cell walls require the customization of the approach to those microorganisms. In this prospective review, the cellular bases, the design principles, and the available tools to foster the development of cell surface protein display technologies in filamentous fungi are discussed.

Latrophilins: A Neuro-Centric View of an Evolutionary Conserved Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor Subfamily.

The adhesion G protein-coupled receptors latrophilins have been in the limelight for more than 20 years since their discovery as calcium-independent receptors for α-latrotoxin, a spider venom toxin with potent activity directed at neurotransmitter release from a variety of synapse types. Latrophilins are highly expressed in the nervous system. Although a substantial amount of studies has been conducted to describe the role of latrophilins in the toxin-mediated action, the recent identification of endogenous ligands for these receptors helped confirm their function as mediators of adhesion events. Here we hypothesize a role for latrophilins in inter-neuronal contacts and the formation of neuronal networks and we review the most recent information on their role in neurons. We explore molecular, cellular and behavioral aspects related to latrophilin adhesion function in mice, zebrafish, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans, in physiological and pathophysiological conditions, including autism spectrum, bipolar, attention deficit and hyperactivity and substance use disorders.

Tight Junction Disruption Induced by Type 3 Secretion System Effectors Injected by Enteropathogenic and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli.

The intestinal epithelium consists of a single cell layer, which is a critical selectively permeable barrier to both absorb nutrients and avoid the entry of potentially harmful entities, including microorganisms. Epithelial cells are held together by the apical junctional complexes, consisting of adherens junctions, and tight junctions (TJs), and by underlying desmosomes. TJs lay in the apical domain of epithelial cells and are mainly composed by transmembrane proteins such as occludin, claudins, JAMs, and tricellulin, that are associated with the cytoplasmic plaque formed by proteins from the MAGUK family, such as ZO-1/2/3, connecting TJ to the actin cytoskeleton, and cingulin and paracingulin connecting TJ to the microtubule network. Extracellular bacteria such as EPEC and EHEC living in the intestinal lumen inject effectors proteins directly from the bacterial cytoplasm to the host cell cytoplasm, where they play a relevant role in the manipulation of the eukaryotic cell functions by modifying or blocking cell signaling pathways. TJ integrity depends on various cell functions such as actin cytoskeleton, microtubule network for vesicular trafficking, membrane integrity, inflammation, and cell survival. EPEC and EHEC effectors target most of these functions. Effectors encoded inside or outside of locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) disrupt the TJ strands. EPEC and EHEC exploit the TJ dynamics to open this structure, for causing diarrhea. EPEC and EHEC secrete effectors that mimic host proteins to manipulate the signaling pathways, including those related to TJ dynamics. In this review, we focus on the known mechanisms exploited by EPEC and EHEC effectors for causing TJ disruption.

A Case of Disabling Urinary Frequency and Pelvic Pain Due to Postoperative Uterine Adhesions.

INTRODUCTION: Dense lower abdominal adhesions are known to cause urinary frequency by restricting expansion of the bladder. However, since preoperative diagnosis of adhesions has been difficult and there are multiple other causes of urinary frequency, such patients may go undiagnosed. With the improving resolution of ultrasound, ever smaller pathologic structures may be visualized, particularly if they are considered in the differential diagnosis. CASE PRESENTATION: To confirm the possibility that clinically significant lower abdominal adhesions may be visualized by ultrasound, we report on a patient who had developed disabling urinary frequency and pelvic pain after a cesarean section. Over a 5-year period, the patient underwent multiple diagnostic and therapeutic interventions at 2 large medical centers in multiple departments without success. Following this, a pelvic sonogram revealed a band of adhesions between the uterus and abdominal wall. Laparoscopic lysis of extensive pelvic adhesions was undertaken. Postoperatively, the patient was able to resume an active lifestyle, with good improvement in urinary frequency and pelvic pain. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound diagnosis of uterine adhesions to the abdominal wall led to successful laparoscopiclysis of adhesions with significant improvement in a patient's urinary tract symptoms and pelvic pain.

[Deaths due to motorcycle accidents and their association with variables related to social reproduction in a northeastern Brazilian state]. / Muertes por accidente de motocicleta y su asociación con variables relacionadas a la reproducción social en un estado del noreste brasileño.

The objective of this article was to identify the association between motorcycle deaths and variables related to Samaja's theory of social reproduction in the period 2000-2005 in the state of Pernambuco. An ecological, case-control study was carried out, with municipalities as the unit of analysis. Cases were defined as the 20% of municipalities with the highest local empirical Bayesian coefficients for mortality due to motorcycle accidents, and controls as the 40% with the lowest coefficients. The municipalities with the greatest chances of high coefficients for mortality due to motorcycle accidents showed high population growth factors and increases in the total fleet of motorcycles, with low population densities, low GDP per capita, and more than 20 motorcycles per thousand inhabitants. We conclude that the variables related to macro-policies proved to have greater force in explaining higher chances of motorcycle death.

Muertes por accidente de motocicleta y su asociación con variables relacionadas a la reproducción social en un estado del noreste brasileño / Deaths due to motorcycle accidents and their association with variables related to social reproduction in a northeastern Brazilian state

El objetivo de este artículo es identificar el comportamiento de las muertes por accidentes de motocicleta y las variables relacionadas con la teoría de la reproducción social de Samaja, para el período 2000-2005 en el estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Se realizó un estudio ecológico con abordaje caso-control. La unidad de análisis fue el municipio. Los casos fueron definidos considerando el 20% de los municipios con los mayores coeficientes bayesianos empíricos locales de mortalidad por accidentes de motocicleta y los controles, como el 40% de los municipios con menores coeficientes de mortalidad por accidentes de motocicleta. Los municipios con mayor probabilidad de altos coeficientes de mortalidad por accidentes de motocicleta mostraron factores de crecimiento poblacional altos, así como de crecimiento de la flota de vehículos, bajas densidades demográficas, bajo PBI per cápita, y más de 20 motocicletas por mil habitantes. Se concluye que las variables relacionadas a las macropolíticas mostraron una mayor fuerza para explicar las probabilidades de defunciones por accidentes de motocicleta.(AU)

The objective of this article was to identify the association between motorcycle deaths and variables related to Samajas theory of social reproduction in the period 2000-2005 in the state of Pernambuco. An ecological, case-control study was carried out, with municipalities as the unit of analysis. Cases were defined as the 20% of municipalities with the highest local empirical Bayesian coefficients for mortality due to motorcycle accidents, and controls as the 40% with the lowest coefficients. The municipalities with the greatest chances of high coefficients for mortality due to motorcycle accidents showed high population growth factors and increases in the total fleet of motorcycles, with low population densities, low GDP per capita, and more than 20 motorcycles per thousand inhabitants. We conclude that the variables related to macro-policies proved to have greater force in explaining higher chances of motorcycle death.(AU)

Muertes por accidente de motocicleta y su asociación con variables relacionadas a la reproducción social en un estado del noreste brasileño / Deaths due to motorcycle accidents and their association with variables related to social reproduction in a northeastern Brazilian state

El objetivo de este artículo es identificar el comportamiento de las muertes por accidentes de motocicleta y las variables relacionadas con la teoría de la reproducción social de Samaja, para el período 2000-2005 en el estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Se realizó un estudio ecológico con abordaje caso-control. La unidad de análisis fue el municipio. Los casos fueron definidos considerando el 20% de los municipios con los mayores coeficientes bayesianos empíricos locales de mortalidad por accidentes de motocicleta y los controles, como el 40% de los municipios con menores coeficientes de mortalidad por accidentes de motocicleta. Los municipios con mayor probabilidad de altos coeficientes de mortalidad por accidentes de motocicleta mostraron factores de crecimiento poblacional altos, así como de crecimiento de la flota de vehículos, bajas densidades demográficas, bajo PBI per cápita, y más de 20 motocicletas por mil habitantes. Se concluye que las variables relacionadas a las macropolíticas mostraron una mayor fuerza para explicar las probabilidades de defunciones por accidentes de motocicleta.

The objective of this article was to identify the association between motorcycle deaths and variables related to Samaja's theory of social reproduction in the period 2000-2005 in the state of Pernambuco. An ecological, case-control study was carried out, with municipalities as the unit of analysis. Cases were defined as the 20% of municipalities with the highest local empirical Bayesian coefficients for mortality due to motorcycle accidents, and controls as the 40% with the lowest coefficients. The municipalities with the greatest chances of high coefficients for mortality due to motorcycle accidents showed high population growth factors and increases in the total fleet of motorcycles, with low population densities, low GDP per capita, and more than 20 motorcycles per thousand inhabitants. We conclude that the variables related to macro-policies proved to have greater force in explaining higher chances of motorcycle death.

Advocating for sexual rights at the UN: the unfinished business of global development.

Twenty years ago, governments agreed that the right to have control over and decide freely and responsibly on all matters related to one's sexuality, free from coercion, discrimination and violence, is a fundamental human right. Since then, many aspects of sexual rights have been agreed by consensus at the global level, but the term "sexual rights" itself continues to be removed from negotiated outcomes and left out of international agreements, often at the last stages of negotiations. This commentary represents our point of view on the unfinished business of the UN with regards to the fight for sexual rights. Our perspective draws from lessons learned in cross-movement organizing in various regional UN spaces and outlines some of the tactics by conservative forces to push sexual rights to the periphery. The article reaffirms the position that broadening the debate and concepts surrounding sexual rights to be more inclusive, has enormous transformational potential and should inform collective advocacy efforts moving forward.

Analysis of the influence of an articulated seat position for wheelchair on the pressure distribution in the gluteal region

INTRODUCTION: The present study proposes a new scientific project for the seat of a wheelchair, suggesting that, through the properties of a three plan mobile seat, the pelvis of individuals with neuromotor dysfunctions may position themselves adequately, allowing a chain effect, with innumerable benefits to the users, such as prevention of deformities, of muscle shortening, of pressure ulcers and improved functionality. In spite of innumerable wheelchair models available in market, none presents the ample properties resembling the articulated seat, allowing the pelvic alignment that is crucial for the adoption of an adequate posture. METHODS: The articulated seat was set over a ball and socket articulation made of two components, one convex that is fixed in the chair's structure and the other concave, attached to a mobile platform. The property of the articulated seat, to change the pressure distribution in the gluteal region, was tested on 34 typical individuals, without neurological injury, through a measurement system composed by 27 sensors. RESULTS: The significance of the statistic model proposed determined that the articulated seat was capable of altering the pressure distribution in the gluteal region in several positions on the frontal and sagittal planes, in healthy subjects. CONCLUSION: Despite the fact that this equipment is capable of redistributing the pressure in a seating position, future research to examine other parameters such as time of use, the use in subjects with neurological dysfunction, the angle of pelvic inclination, the criterions of indication and non-indication, inter alia, must be conducted to appropriately qualify this device.

Life history parameters of Chinavia hilaris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), a stink bug injurious to pistachios in California.

Life history parameters were established under controlled laboratory conditions for the green stink bug, Chinavia hilaris (Say) (= Acrosternum hilare), to improve pest control in pistachios in California. Parameters measured and calculated included survival and development at seven constant temperatures (ranging from 15 to 35 degrees C), development time, upper and lower development thresholds, thermal constants, fecundity, generation time, net reproductive rate, and intrinsic rate of increase. C. hilaris did not complete development at 15 and 35 degrees C. Within the range of 20-27.5 degrees C, development time decreased linearly with temperature; it increased again at 30 degrees C. The lower threshold was calculated by linear methods to be 12.3 degrees C, and the thermal constant was calculated to be 588 degree days. Fastest development was recorded at 27.5 degrees C, whereas greatest survival was observed at 22.5 degrees C. At 27.5 degrees C, mean fecundity was 53.5 eggs per female, mean generation time was 74.4 d, net reproductive rate was 20.09, and intrinsic rate of increase was 0.04. Use of a nonlinear model yielded estimates of 13.2, 28.4, and 33.4 degrees C, for the lower threshold, optimum temperature, and upper threshold, respectively. Results were compared with similar studies and interpreted in the light of pest management needs in pistachio. Increased emphasis on monitoring and management ofoverwintering sites and early-season migration are recommended.

Large epidermal inclusion cyst presenting as a pelvic mass.

INTRODUCTION: Epidermal inclusion cysts are common discrete nodules often formed in areas of previous trauma or surgery. A literature review indicated that large epidermal inclusion cysts of the pelvis are extremely rare. Accordingly, we present a case of a woman with a large pelvic epidermal inclusion cyst of the vaginal cuff, along with imaging studies and a review of the literature. CASE PRESENTATION: A 49-year-old woman, 13 years after vaginal hysterectomy, was found to have a 7-cm soft tissue pelvic mass, discovered on a computed tomography (CT) scan performed for abdominal pain. The transvaginal ultrasound showed typical findings of an unruptured epidermal inclusion cyst with a hypoechoic background with diffuse small variable echodensities (some intense echogenic reflectors), a thin wall, and no internal Doppler flow. A 7-cm epidermal inclusion cyst was removed laparoscopically from her vaginal cuff without complication. DISCUSSION: Epidermal inclusion cysts of clinical significance are rarely formed at the vaginal cuff or elsewhere in the pelvis. Increased utilization of abdominal/pelvic CT imaging is increasing the frequency in which benign pelvic cysts are encountered. The trauma of surgery may sequester portions of vaginal epithelium, which may form epidermal inclusion cysts. As the cyst increases in size, the cyst may be viewed as an incidental pelvic mass requiring clinical decision making.

Actin cytoskeleton manipulation by effector proteins secreted by diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes.

The actin cytoskeleton is a dynamic structure necessary for cell and tissue organization, including the maintenance of epithelial barriers. Disruption of the epithelial barrier coincides with alterations of the actin cytoskeleton in several disease states. These disruptions primarily affect the paracellular space, which is normally regulated by tight junctions. Thereby, the actin cytoskeleton is a common and recurring target of bacterial virulence factors. In order to manipulate the actin cytoskeleton, bacteria secrete and inject toxins and effectors to hijack the host cell machinery, which interferes with host-cell pathways and with a number of actin binding proteins. An interesting model to study actin manipulation by bacterial effectors is Escherichia coli since due to its genome plasticity it has acquired diverse genetic mobile elements, which allow having different E. coli varieties in one bacterial species. These E. coli pathotypes, including intracellular and extracellular bacteria, interact with epithelial cells, and their interactions depend on a specific combination of virulence factors. In this paper we focus on E. coli effectors that mimic host cell proteins to manipulate the actin cytoskeleton. The study of bacterial effector-cytoskeleton interaction will contribute not only to the comprehension of the molecular causes of infectious diseases but also to increase our knowledge of cell biology.

Epidemiologia dos acidentes de trânsito com foco na mortalidade por motocicletas no Estado de Pernambuco: uma exacerbação da violência social / Epidemiology of traffic accidents with focus on mortality motorcyclists in the state of Pernambuco: an exacerbation of social violence

Este trabalho aborda a morte por acidente de motocicleta em Pernambuco, um problema epidemiológico complexo cujo crescimento das estatísticas denota que as medidas pontuais de intervenção têm tido pouco resultado benéfico. Está estruturado em três artigos: o primeiro é um estudo espacial da mortalidade por acidente de moto entre 2000 e 2005 que identifica as áreas de conglomerados onde a mortalidade é maior e conclui que o risco de morrer por acidente de motocicleta é maior nas áreas de conglomerado em regiões fora do eixo metropolitano. O segundo relaciona essas mortes aos processos de reprodução social, concluindo que o caráter complexo dos acidentes de moto é emblemático do modelo de desenvolvimento que considera apenas o crescimento econômico orientado por uma globalização que ignora os mínimos padrões de cidadania e direitos. O terceiro apresenta um modelo explicativo de caráter ecossistêmico, baseado nos dois anteriores, que se propõe a representar a complexidade do problema para subsidiar políticas de prevenção. Inclui a guisa de esclarecimentos considerações sobre a teoria da reprodução social. Critica a abordagem hegemônica da sistêmica da dinâmica do trânsito, para a explicação dos acidentes reduzida à tríade: homemveículo-via, que tem como característica reduzir os fenômenos complexos às suas partes, sem lhes devolver significado no contexto dos fenômenos que lhes dão origem. No problema em questão, isto não é suficiente para sua compreensão e para nortear as práticas de prevenção, não atentando para a busca de mudanças políticas, culturais, cognitivas e tecnológicas que promovam impactos benéficos nos perfis epidemiológicos. Essa forma de pensar remete as ações à outra tríade, educação, fiscalização e engenharia de tráfego, mobilizadas de forma acrítica, pressupondo que a simples obediência a procedimentos normativos serão suficientes para prevenir acidentes de trânsito, o que, ao final, apenas favorecem os interesses de mercado e transformam a vítima em culpada.

Conformations of diester triphenylphosphonium ylides with an ylidic ester or keto and ester ylidic groups.

The structures of three related keto diester and diester ylides, namely diethyl 3-oxo-2-(triphenylphosphoranylidene)glutarate, C(27)H(27)O(5)P, (I), diethyl 3-oxo-2-(triphenylphosphoranylidene)glutarate acetic acid monosolvate, C(27)H(27)O(5)P·C(2)H(4)O(2), (II), and diethyl 2-(triphenylphosphoranylidene)succinate, C(26)H(27)O(4)P, (III), are presented. The syn-keto anti-ester conformations in the crystalline keto diesters are governed by electronic delocalization between the P-C and ylidic bonds and an acyl group, and by intra- and intermolecular interactions. There are also intramolecular attractive and repulsive interactions of different types (C-H...O and C-H...π) controlling the molecular conformations. The mono-ylidic diester (III) has an anti-ester conformation, while those for (I) and (II) are related to pyrolytic formation of acetylene derivatives. The terminal nonylidic ester group in (I) was disordered over two sets of almost equally populated positions.

Estudo espacial da mortalidade por acidentes de motocicleta em Pernambuco / Estudio espacial de la mortalidad de accidentes de motocicleta en Pernambuco, Noreste de Brasil / Spatial study of mortality in motorcycle accidents in the state of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil

OBJETIVO: Analisar a distribuição espacial da mortalidade por acidentes de motocicleta no estado de Pernambuco. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico de base populacional, usando os dados de mortalidade por acidentes de motocicletas ocorridos de 01/01/2000 a 31/12/2005. As unidades de análise foram municípios. Para a análise da distribuição espacial dos óbitos foram construídos coeficientes médios de mortalidade, tendo como numerador os óbitos por acidentes de motocicletas registrados no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade e, como denominador, a população do centro do período. Utilizaram-se técnicas de análise espacial, suavização do coeficiente pelo método bayesiano empírico local e o diagrama de espalhamento de Moran, aplicados sobre a base cartográfica digital do estado. RESULTADOS: O coeficiente médio de mortalidade por acidentes de motocicletas em Pernambuco foi de 3,47/100 mil habitantes. Dos 185 municípios, 16 faziam parte de cinco conglomerados identificados com coeficientes de mortalidade que variaram de 5,66 a 11,66/100 mil habitantes, considerados áreas críticas. Três dessas áreas localizam-se na região de desenvolvimento sertão e duas no agreste. CONCLUSÕES: O risco de morrer por acidente de motocicleta é maior nas áreas de conglomerado em regiões fora do eixo metropolitano, sugerindo medidas de intervenção que considerem o contexto de desenvolvimento econômico, social e cultural.

OBJETIVO: Analizar la distribución espacial de la mortalidad por accidentes de motocicleta en el estado de Pernambuco, Noreste de Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudio ecológico de base poblacional, usando los datos de mortalidad por accidentes de motocicletas ocurridos de 01/01/2000 a 31/12/2005. Las unidades de análisis fueron municipios. Para el análisis de la distribución espacial de los óbitos fueron construidos coeficientes promedios de mortalidad, teniendo como numerador los óbitos por accidentes de motocicletas registrados en el Sistema de Informaciones sobre Mortalidad, y como denominador, la población del centro del período. Se utilizaron técnicas de análisis espacial, suavización del coeficiente por el método bayesiano empírico local y el diagrama de dispersión de Moran, aplicados sobre la base cartográfica digital del estado. RESULTADOS: El coeficiente promedio de mortalidad por accidentes de motocicletas en Pernambuco fue de 3,47/100 mil habitantes. De los 185 municipios, 16 formaban parte de cinco conglomerados identificados con coeficientes de mortalidad que variaron de 5,66 a 11,66/100 mil habitantes, considerados áreas críticas. Tres de dichas áreas se localizan en la región de desarrollo sertón y dos en la agreste. CONCLUSIONES: El riego de morir por accidente de motocicleta es mayor en las áreas de conglomerado en regiones fuera del eje metropolitano, sugiriendo medidas de intervención que consideren el contexto desarrollo económico, social y cultural.