Horticultural performance of 'Fuji Suprema' and 'Maxi Gala' apple trees trained at Tall Spindle and Bi-Axis systems grafted on different rootstocks in Southern Brazil / Comportamento agronômico de macieiras 'Fuji Suprema' e 'Maxi Gala' conduzidas em Tall Spindle e Bi-Axis enxertadas em diferentes porta-enxertos no Sul do Brasil

The use of new rootstocks combined with different training systems have been studied to increase productivity, fruit quality, and reduce costs. Another important factor is the validation of studies under replanting conditions, due to the growing limitation of new areas for planting commercial apple orchards in Brazil. The present study aimed to evaluate the behavior of 'Fuji Suprema' and 'Maxi Gala' apple trees in two training systems grafted on two rootstocks. The study occurred during the seasons 2016/17, 2017/18 and 2018/19, in an orchard located in southern Brazil in an area previously cultivated with apple trees. A randomized block design consisting of a 2x2 factorial was used, with Tall Spindle and Bi-Axis as the training system and 'M.9' and 'G.213' as rootstocks of Fuji Suprema and Maxi Gala cultivars. Variables were evaluated to determine tree vigor, as well as yield and fruit quality characteristics. It was observed that 'G.213' promoted higher vigor for both cultivars as well as the Bi-Axis training system in the Maxi Gala cultivar. The highest yield was observed in Tall Spindle as well as the rootstock 'G.213' in both cultivars. The most significant changes on fruit quality occurred in the Bi-Axis training system, presenting higher intensity of red color as well as 'Maxi Gala' grafted on 'G.213' rootstock.

A utilização de novos porta-enxertos e diferentes sistemas de condução tem sido estudado para aumentar a produtividade, qualidade dos frutos e reduzir custos. Outro fator importante é a validação de estudos em condições de replantio, devido à crescente limitação de novas áreas para o plantio comercial de pomares de macieiras no Brasil. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento de macieiras 'Fuji Suprema' e 'Maxi Gala' em dois sistemas de condução enxertados sobre dois porta-enxertos. O estudo ocorreu durante as safras 2016/17, 2017/18 e 2018/19, em um pomar localizado no sul do Brasil, em área previamente cultivada com macieiras. Utilizou-se delineamento de blocos casualizados, consistindo em um fatorial 2x2, sendo Tall Spindle e Bi-Axis como sistemas de condução e 'M.9' e 'G.213' como porta-enxertos das cultivares Fuji Suprema e Maxi Gala. Foram avaliadas variáveis para determinar o comportamento vegetativo, bem como as características de produtividade e qualidade dos frutos. Observou-se que 'G.213' promoveu maior vigor para ambas cultivares, assim como o sistema de condução Bi-Axis na cultivar Maxi Gala. O maior rendimento foi observado nas macieiras conduzidas em Tall Spindle e enxertadas sobre 'G.213' em ambas cultivares. As mudanças mais significativas na qualidade dos frutos ocorreram nas macieiras conduzidas em Bi-Axis, apresentando maior intensidade de coloração vermelha, assim como na macieira 'Maxi Gala' enxertada sobre 'G.213'.

Geneva® Series Rootstocks for Apple Trees Under Extreme Replanting Conditions in Southern Brazil.

Geneva® rootstocks in Brazil are known to be efficient in controlling vigor, and are precocious and resistant to diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of apple tree cultivars grafted on the Geneva® rootstocks in severe replant disease areas, by planting 60 days after the eradication. The experiments were implemented in 2017, in São Joaquim and Vacaria. The Gala Select and Fuji Suprema cultivars were grafted onto 'G.202', 'G.814', 'G.210', and 'G.213' rootstocks in the Tall Spindle training system. In 2018/2019, total thinning was carried out to promote plant growth. In São Joaquim, partial thinning was carried out in 2019/2020 harvest of 'Gala Select'. The rootstocks were divided into two groups based on vigor, for both areas and cultivars. 'G.202' and 'G.213' were 40% less vigorous than 'G.210' and 'G.814'. For 'Gala Select', the extreme non-fallow condition mainly affected the vigor and productivity of 'G.213' in both areas. At the end of two harvests, 'G.213' was 17% less productive than 'G.210', contrary to what is observed in areas where the fallow period is respected. However, 'G.213' confirmed a greater yield efficiency, which was 27% higher than 'G.210'. This suggests that a perspective of forecasting production for the third crop is higher for 'G.213' than for 'G.210'. In the case of 'Fuji Suprema', the G.210 rootstock was the most productive in both areas. In São Joaquim, 'G.202' matched 'G.210' in productivity and efficiency as it sprouts better in colder regions. Considering the fruit quality, 'G.213' anticipated the maturation with fruits of larger size and higher total soluble solids (TSS) in both areas and cultivars, making it possible to anticipate the harvest. It was concluded that the non-fallow condition does not alter the relative differences in vigor and fruit quality among the rootstocks. However, notwithstanding the overall replant tolerance of these rootstocks, it does reduce productivity by mainly affecting less vigorous rootstocks that need about three crops to overcome the allelopathic effects of the soil and start growing normally. The G.210 semi-dwarfing rootstock is an alternative for the immediate conversion of apple orchards of Gala Select and Fuji Suprema cultivars in southern Brazil.

Application of chemical compounds during preharvesting to control post-harvesting green mold in citrus / Aplicação de compostos químicos na pré-colheita para o controle do bolor verde em pós-colheita de citrus

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of system-acquired resistance inducing compounds applied during the pre-harvest of 'Navelina' orange and 'Ortanique' tangor in controlling post-harvest disease caused by Penicillium digitatum. The products applied were acibenzolar-s-methyl (ASM), imidacloprid (IMI), methyl jasmonate (MeJa), sodium selenite, potassium silicate, and thiamethoxam (TMT). Sterile distilled water was used as the control. The applications were administered 45, 30, and 15 days before harvesting. In 2015 and 2016, 840 fruits were randomly collected, and when they reached commercial maturation, they were sanitized, half were pierced with a needle in the equatorial region. The fruits were inoculated with a 10 µL spore suspension (1 × 106 conidia mL-1) of P. digitatum, in the equatorial region. The experiment was performed with three replicates, each comprising 10 fruits and repeated over two consecutive crop seasons. Disease incidence was evaluated on pierced (at 72 and 144 h after inoculation [hai]) and unperforated (at 360 hai) fruits. For pierced fruits, lesion expansion rate (rL ), disease severity, expansion rate of sporulating area (rE), and sporulating area were evaluated. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and the area under the sporulating area progress curve were calculated. Both cultivars were susceptible; however, the rL and rE had lower values for 'Ortanique'. The tested products reduced the disease incidence in both cultivars. Potassium silicate reduced rL and rE, whereas sodium selenite reduced rE. The disease severity was reduced by potassium silicate, sodium selenite, and ASM. AUDPC was reduced by sodium selenite and potassium silicate treatments. Among the tested products, potassium silicate and sodium selenite applied during the pre-harvest of 'Navelina' orange and 'Ortanique' tangor had the highest reductions for disease incidence (ranging from 14% to 37%, respectively) and severity (60% and 70%, respectively), rE (50% for both compounds), and total sporulating area (55% and 56%, respectively), reducing the green mold in postharvested fruits caused by P. digitatum.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de compostos indutores dos sistemas de defesa adquirida aplicados na pré-colheita de laranja 'Navelina' e tangor 'Ortanique' para o controle de doença pós-colheita causada por Penicillium digitatum. Os produtos aplicados foram: acibenzolar-s-metil (ASM), imidaclopride (IMI), jasmonato de metila (MeJa), selenito de sódio (Se), silicato de potássio (Si), tiametoxam (TMT) e água estéril destilada foi utilizada como controle. Os produtos foram aplicados nas plantas em 45, 30 e 15 dias antes da colheita. Em 2015 e 2016, 840 frutos foram coletados aleatoriamente quando atingiram a maturação comercial e posteriormente foram higienizados, a metade deles foi perfurada com uma agulha na região equatorial. Os frutos foram inoculados com uma suspensão de 10µL (1 × 106 conidia mL-1) de esporos de P. digitatum na região equatorial. O experimento foi conduzido com três repetições, cada uma composta por 10 frutos, e repetida em duas safras consecutivas. A incidência da doença foi avaliada em frutos com (72 e 144 horas após a inoculação (hai)) e sem perfuração (com 360 hai). Para frutos perfurados, foram avaliadas a taxa de expansão da lesão (rL ), a gravidade da doença, a taxa de expansão da área esporulante (rE) e a área esporulante. A área sob a curva de progresso da doença (AUDPC) e a área sob a curva de progresso da área esporulada foram determinadas. Ambas as cultivares foram suscetíveis, mas rL e rE apresentaram valores mais baixos em 'Ortanique'. Os compostos testados reduziram a incidência da doença em ambas as cultivares. O silicato de potássio reduziu rL e rE, enquanto selenito de sódio reduziu rE. A severidade da doença foi reduzida por silicato de potássio, selenito de sódio e ASM. O AUDPC foi reduzido pelos tratamentos com silicato de potássio, selenito de sódio. Dentre os produtos testados, silicato de potássio, selenito de sódio aplicados na pré-colheita de laranja 'Navelina' e tangor 'Ortanique', foram os que apresentaram maiores reduções na incidência das doenças (variando entre 14% e 37%, respectivamente), severidade da doença (60% e 70%, respectivamente), rE (ambos a 0,50%) e área total de esporulação (55% e 56%, respectivamente), reduzindo o bolor verde na pós-colheita de frutos, causado por P. digitatum.(AU)

Agronomic performance of the Maciel peach with different rootstocks / Desempenho agronômico de pessegueiro Maciel sobre diferentes porta-enxertos

The rootstock influences the agronomic performance of fruit plants. In Prunus persica (peach),particularly those varieties produced in Brazil, this relationship is not well understood. We, therefore,set out to evaluate the performance of the peach cultivar Maciel with eight rootstocks, Aldrighi,Capdeboscq, Flordaguard, Nemaguard, Okinawa, Umezeiro, Tsukuba, and Seleção Viamão, planted in2006 and evaluated in the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons. Phenology of flowering, trunk diameter,canopy volume, fruit number, and yield were evaluated in the field. For the fruit, we evaluated the mass,diameter, color, flesh firmness, soluble solids concentration, titratable acidity, concentration of totalphenolic compounds, carotenoids, and antioxidant activity. Plants from the Aldrighi and Nemaguardrootstocks flowered earlier than plants from the other rootstocks in 2014, and in 2015, floweringwas variable in all rootstocks. The cultivar Maciel on Umezeiro had low vigor, trunk diameter, andcanopy volume. On Aldrighi, Capdeboscq, Flordaguard, Nemaguard, and Tsukuba this cultivar showedgood production rates. The fruit color, flesh firmness, concentration of soluble solids, total phenolics,antioxidant activity, and total carotenoids were influenced by rootstock and harvest.(AU)

O porta-enxerto influencia o desempenho agronômico de plantas frutíferas. Porém, em pessegueiro,especialmente para as cultivares produzidas no Brasil, essa relação não está bem elucidada. Por isso,propôs-se avaliar o desempenho de oito porta-enxertos ‘Aldrighi, ‘Capdeboscq, ‘Flordaguard,‘Nemaguard, ‘Okinawa, ‘Umezeiro, ‘Tsukuba e ‘Seleção Viamão sob pessegueiros da cultivar‘Maciel, plantados em 2006, e avaliados nas safras 2014/2015 e 2015/2016. As variáveis avaliadas acampo foram fenologia da floração, diâmetro de tronco, volume de copa, número de frutos e produtividade.Nos frutos avaliou-se a massa, o diâmetro, a coloração, a firmeza de polpa, a concentração de sólidossolúveis totais, a acidez titulável, a concentração de compostos fenóis totais, de carotenóides totais e aatividade antioxidante. Os porta-enxertos ‘Aldrighi e ‘Nemaguard anteciparam o início da floração em2014 e no ano de 2015 os porta-enxertos induziram desuniformidade na floração dos pessegueiros. Oporta-enxerto ‘Umezeiro induz menor vigor, diâmetro de tronco e volume de copa. Os porta-enxertos ‘Aldrighi, ‘Capdeboscq, ‘Flordaguard, ‘Nemaguard e ‘Tsukuba induziram bons índices produtivos.A coloração dos frutos, firmeza de polpa e a concentração de sólidos solúveis, fenóis totais, atividadeantioxidante e carotenóides totais foram influenciados pelo porta-enxerto e pela safra.(AU)

Agronomic performance of the Maciel peach with different rootstocks / Desempenho agronômico de pessegueiro Maciel sobre diferentes porta-enxertos

The rootstock influences the agronomic performance of fruit plants. In Prunus persica (peach),particularly those varieties produced in Brazil, this relationship is not well understood. We, therefore,set out to evaluate the performance of the peach cultivar Maciel with eight rootstocks, Aldrighi,Capdeboscq, Flordaguard, Nemaguard, Okinawa, Umezeiro, Tsukuba, and Seleção Viamão, planted in2006 and evaluated in the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons. Phenology of flowering, trunk diameter,canopy volume, fruit number, and yield were evaluated in the field. For the fruit, we evaluated the mass,diameter, color, flesh firmness, soluble solids concentration, titratable acidity, concentration of totalphenolic compounds, carotenoids, and antioxidant activity. Plants from the Aldrighi and Nemaguardrootstocks flowered earlier than plants from the other rootstocks in 2014, and in 2015, floweringwas variable in all rootstocks. The cultivar Maciel on Umezeiro had low vigor, trunk diameter, andcanopy volume. On Aldrighi, Capdeboscq, Flordaguard, Nemaguard, and Tsukuba this cultivar showedgood production rates. The fruit color, flesh firmness, concentration of soluble solids, total phenolics,antioxidant activity, and total carotenoids were influenced by rootstock and harvest.

O porta-enxerto influencia o desempenho agronômico de plantas frutíferas. Porém, em pessegueiro,especialmente para as cultivares produzidas no Brasil, essa relação não está bem elucidada. Por isso,propôs-se avaliar o desempenho de oito porta-enxertos ‘Aldrighi’, ‘Capdeboscq’, ‘Flordaguard’,‘Nemaguard’, ‘Okinawa’, ‘Umezeiro’, ‘Tsukuba’ e ‘Seleção Viamão’ sob pessegueiros da cultivar‘Maciel’, plantados em 2006, e avaliados nas safras 2014/2015 e 2015/2016. As variáveis avaliadas acampo foram fenologia da floração, diâmetro de tronco, volume de copa, número de frutos e produtividade.Nos frutos avaliou-se a massa, o diâmetro, a coloração, a firmeza de polpa, a concentração de sólidossolúveis totais, a acidez titulável, a concentração de compostos fenóis totais, de carotenóides totais e aatividade antioxidante. Os porta-enxertos ‘Aldrighi’ e ‘Nemaguard’ anteciparam o início da floração em2014 e no ano de 2015 os porta-enxertos induziram desuniformidade na floração dos pessegueiros. Oporta-enxerto ‘Umezeiro’ induz menor vigor, diâmetro de tronco e volume de copa. Os porta-enxertos ‘Aldrighi’, ‘Capdeboscq’, ‘Flordaguard’, ‘Nemaguard’ e ‘Tsukuba’ induziram bons índices produtivos.A coloração dos frutos, firmeza de polpa e a concentração de sólidos solúveis, fenóis totais, atividadeantioxidante e carotenóides totais foram influenciados pelo porta-enxerto e pela safra.