Avaliação da cavidade nasal de camundongos submetidos à exposição ao herbicida ácido 2, 4- diclorofenoxiacético / Evaluation of the nasal cavity mice submitted to the inhalation exposure to the herbicide 2, 4 - dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

No último ano, o Brasil apresentou um aumento de 190% na utilização de agrotóxicos, o que implica em um grave problema de saúde pública. O ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético possui classificação toxicológica I (extremamente tóxico) e por ser muito volátil, favorece a contaminação de solos, águas, animais e seres humanos. Modelo do estudo: Estudo Experimental. Objetivo: Analisar o infiltrado inflamatório de camundongos submetidos à nebulização aguda ao herbicida ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético, em diferentes intervalos de tempo e concentrações. Métodos: Foram utilizados 80 camundongos Swiss machos divididos em quatro grupos (n=20): salina, baixa (3,71 x 10-3 gramas de ingrediente ativo por hectare), média (6,19 x 10-3 gramas de ingrediente ativo por hectare) e alta concentração (9,28 x10-3 gramas de ingrediente ativo por hectare). Todos os animais foram expostos às nebulizações preconizadas para cada grupo por 15 minutos, em diferentes intervalos de tempo: 24, 48, 72 e 192 horas. O protocolo de exposição contou com duas caixas ligadas a um nebulizador ultrassônico e o vestíbulo nasal de cada animal foi retirado após a eutanásia, para a análise histológica. Resultados: A contagem de mastócitos apresentou valores significativamente aumentados no grupo alta concentração, no intervalo de tempo de 48 horas, quando comparado ao de 24 horas. Conclusão: Os resultados mostraram que a exposição aguda ao herbicida ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético aumenta a produção de mastócitos na cavidade nasal de animais expostos a altas concentrações, e que podem estar relacionados ao surgimento de reações alérgicas. (AU)

In the last year, Brazil presented a 190% increase in the use of agrochemicals, which implies a serious public health problem. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid has toxicological classification I (extremely toxic) and because it is very volatile, it favors the contamination of soils, water, animals and humans. Study model: Experimental study. Objective: To analyze the inflammatory infiltrate of mice submitted to acute nebulization to the 2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide at different time intervals and concentrations. Methods: Eighty Swiss male mice were divided into four groups (n=20): saline, low (3.71 x 10-3 grams of active ingredient per hectare), medium (6.19 x 10-3 grams of active ingredient per hectare) and high concentration (9.28 x 10-3 grams of active ingredient per hectare). All animals were exposed to the nebulizations proposed for each group, for 15 minutes, at different time intervals: 24, 48, 72 and 192 hours. The exposure protocol had two boxes attached to an ultrasonic nebulizer and the nasal vestibule of each animal was removed after euthanasia for histological analysis. Results: The mast cell count showed significantly increased values in the high concentration group, in the time interval of 48 hours, when compared to the 24-hour period. Conclusion: The results showed that the acute exposure to the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid increases the production of mast cells in the nasal cavity of animals exposed to high concentrations, which may be related to the appearance of allergic reactions. (AU)

The effects of particulate matter on inflammation of respiratory system: Differences between male and female.

Air pollution is known to exacerbate respiratory diseases and epidemiological studies have shown that women present more chronic respiratory symptoms than man exposed to traffic pollution, however, the reason why is unclear. This study evaluated the inflammatory differences in BALB/c mouse males (n=34) and females (n=111) in three phases of the estrous cycle that were exposed to ambient air (AA) or concentrated ambient particles (CAPs). Tracheal hyperreactivity to methacholine, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and immunohistochemical of airways and lung parenchyma were studied. Hyperreactivity increased in CAPs-exposed female mice compared with AA-exposed mice in estrus (p<0.05) and proestrus phases (p<0.05) and decreased in CAPs-exposed males compared with those exposed to AA (p<0.05). Males had increased numbers of total cells (p=0.037) and macrophages (p=0.028) compared to females. BALF levels of cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) (p=0.000), transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) (p=0.001) and IL-8 receptor alpha (IL-8Rα) (p=0.014) were increased in males compared with proestrus, estrus and diestrus females, independent of exposure. Proestrus females exhibited significantly higher cadherin expression in lung parenchyma than did males (p=0.005). CAPs exposure increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) (p=0.024) and isoprostane (p=0.003) expression in the airways of both, males and females. The level of substance P (SP) (p=0.001) increased in lung parenchyma in males compared with females, while IL-17 levels in airways (p=0.042) and in lung parenchyma (p=0.008) increased in females. MMP-9 levels (p=0.024) were significantly lower in the lung parenchyma of CAPs-exposed females. TGF-α (p=0.007) levels increased in the lung parenchyma of CAPs-exposed females compared to AA-exposed females. These results suggest that inflammatory markers differentially expressed in male mice were mostly linked to acute inflammation (IL-1ß, IL-8Rα, COX-2), whereas in females, markers that may lead to a chronic inflammatory process such as IL-17 and remodeling (MMP-9) were increased.

Relationship between clinical, placentary, obstetric and neonatal aspects and intrauterine growth in high risk pregnancies / Relación entre los aspectos clínicos placentarios, obstétricos y neonatales y el crecimiento intrauterino en la gestación de alto riesgo / Relação entre os aspectos clínicos, placentários, obstétricos e neonatais e o crescimento intrauterino na gestação de alto risco

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze clinical, placental and obstetric aspects of women with and without high-risk pregnancy, and their relationship with intrauterine growth deviations and neonatal aspects. Method: this is a cross-sectional descriptive study. Data collection was based on an analysis of the medical records of women with and without high-risk pregnancy and newborns, and anatomopathological characterization of the placenta. Results: 265 placentas were analyzed, 130 (49.06%) women with high-risk pregnancy and newborns with intrauterine growth deviations. A higher occurrence of placental changes was found in high-risk pregnancy and uterine growth deviations in comparison to cases without high-risk pregnancy (p≤0.001). High-risk pregnancies with intrauterine growth deviations were associated with placental changes (p≤0.001). Intrauterine growth deviations was related to birth weight in cases of high-risk pregnancy compared to normal gestation (p=0.014). Conclusion: a higher occurrence of placental anatomopathological changes was found in maternal and fetal surfaces in cases of high-risk pregnancy and intrauterine growth deviations.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar aspectos clínicos, placentarios y obstétricos de mujeres con y sin gestación de alto riesgo y su relación con desvíos de crecimiento intrauterino y aspectos neonatales. Métodos: investigación descriptivo transversal. La recolección de datos se basó en el análisis de los expedientes de las mujeres con y sin gestación de alto riesgo y de los recién nacidos, y análisis anatomopatológico placentario. Resultados: fueron estudiadas 265 placentas, 130 (49,06%) de mujeres con gestación de alto riesgo y recién nacidos con desvíos de crecimiento intrauterino. Hubo mayor ocurrencia de alteraciones placentarias en gestación de alto riesgo y desvíos de crecimiento uterino comparados con los casos sin gestación de alto riesgo (p≤0,001). Gestación de alto riesgo con desvíos de crecimiento intrauterino posee asociación con alteraciones placentarias (p≤0,001). Desvíos de crecimiento intrauterino están relacionados al peso al nacer en casos con gestación de alto riesgo, comparados con gestación normal (p=0,014). Conclusión: existe mayor ocurrencia de alteraciones anatomopatológicas placentarias tanto en la madre como en el feto en los casos con gestación de alto riesgo y desvíos de crecimiento intrauterino.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar aspectos clínicos, placentários e obstétricos de mulheres com e sem gestação de alto risco e sua relação com desvios de crescimento intrauterino e aspectos neonatais. Método: trata-se de um estudo descritivo transversal. A coleta de dados baseou-se em análise dos prontuários das mulheres com e sem gestação de alto risco e dos recém-nascidos, e análise anatomopatológica placentária.Resu ltados: foram estudadas 265 placentas, 130 (49,06%) de mulheres com gestação de alto risco e recém-nascidos com desvios de crescimento intrauterino. Houve maior ocorrência de alterações placentárias em gestação de alto risco e Desvios de crescimento uterino comparadas aos casos sem gestação de alto risco (p≤0,001). Gestação de alto risco com Desvios de crescimento intrauterino possui associação com alterações placentárias (p≤0,001). desvios de crescimento intrauterino está relacionado ao peso ao nascer em casos com gestação de alto risco, comparados com gestação normal (p=0,014). Conclusão: existe maior ocorrência de alterações anatomopatológicas placentárias nas faces materna e fetal nos casos com gestação de alto risco e desvios de crescimento intrauterino.

Função motora e qualidade de vida de indivíduos com paralisia cerebral / Motor function and life quality of individuals with cerebral palsy

OBJETIVO: Avaliar e correlacionar a função motora grossa e a qualidade de vida de crianças com PC. MÉTODOS: Foi verificado em 20 crianças o tipo clínico e anatômico, a função motora grossa pela GMFM (Gross Motor Function Measure) e a qualidade de vida pelo Questionário de Qualidade de Vida Pediátrico (PedsQL). Foi utilizado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk e o de Kruskal-Wallis. Para correlacionar utilizou-se da Análise de Correlação Canônica, o teste da Razão de Verossimilhança e a Estatística Multivariada de Wilks Lambda, com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Apresentaram idade média de 8,4±4,03 anos. Os indivíduos com hemiparesia espástica apresentaram função motora significativamente maior que os com tetraparesia atetóide e espástica. Verificou-se a existência de alta correlação canônica significativa entre as variáveis da GMFM e PedsQL. CONCLUSÃO: Os achados demonstram que quanto maior for o comprometimento da função motora grossa menor será a sua qualidade de vida.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate and correlate the gross motor function and the quality of life of children with cerebral palsy. METHODS: Clinical and anatomical type, the gross motor function through the Gross Motor Function Measure and the quality of life were verified in 20 subjects through questionnaire for quality of Pediatric Life. The Shapiro-Wilk's test and the Kruskal-Wallis were used for the analyses. To correlate, we used the Canonical Correlation Analysis, the Likelihood Ratio test and Wilk's Lambda Multivariate Statistics, with significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The average age of the subjects was 8.4±4.03 years. Individuals with spastichemiparesis showed significantly greater motor function than those classified as athetoid quadriplegia and spastic. The existence of highly significant canonical correlation was found between the variables relating to the Gross Motor Function Measure and quality of Pediatric Life. CONCLUSION: The findings show that the greater the impairment of gross motor function the lower the qualify of life.

Macroscopic placental changes associated with fetal and maternal events in diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVES: The current study sought to identify macroscopic placental changes associated with clinical conditions in women with or without diabetes and their newborns. METHODS: The study population consisted of 62 pregnant women clinically diagnosed with diabetes and 62 healthy women (control group). RESULTS: Among the subjects with diabetes, 43 women (69.3%) were diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus, 15 had diabetes mellitus I (24.2%), and four had diabetes mellitus II (6.5%). The mean age of the women studied was 28.5 ± 5.71 years, and the mean gestational age of the diabetic women was 38.51 weeks. Of the 62 placentas from diabetic pregnancies, 49 (79%) maternal surfaces and 59 (95.2%) fetal surfaces showed abnormalities, including calcium and fibrin deposits, placental infarction, hematoma, and fibrosis. A statistical association was found between newborn gender and fetal and maternal placental changes (p = 0.002). The mean weight of the newborns studied was 3,287 ± 563 g for women with diabetes mellitus, 3,205 ± 544 g for those with gestational diabetes mellitus, 3,563 ± 696 g for those with diabetes mellitus II, and 3,095 ± 451 g for those with diabetes mellitus I. CONCLUSIONS: Infarction, hematoma, calcification, and fibrin were found on the maternal and fetal placental surfaces in women with diabetes. Women with gestational diabetes and post-term infants had more calcium deposits on the maternal placental surface as compared to those with type I and type II diabetes.

Macroscopic placental changes associated with fetal and maternal events in diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVES: The current study sought to identify macroscopic placental changes associated with clinical conditions in women with or without diabetes and their newborns. METHODS: The study population consisted of 62 pregnant women clinically diagnosed with diabetes and 62 healthy women (control group). RESULTS: Among the subjects with diabetes, 43 women (69.3%) were diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus, 15 had diabetes mellitus I (24.2%), and four had diabetes mellitus II (6.5%). The mean age of the women studied was 28.5 ± 5.71 years, and the mean gestational age of the diabetic women was 38.51 weeks. Of the 62 placentas from diabetic pregnancies, 49 (79%) maternal surfaces and 59 (95.2%) fetal surfaces showed abnormalities, including calcium and fibrin deposits, placental infarction, hematoma, and fibrosis. A statistical association was found between newborn gender and fetal and maternal placental changes (p = 0.002). The mean weight of the newborns studied was 3,287 ± 563 g for women with diabetes mellitus, 3,205 ± 544 g for those with gestational diabetes mellitus, 3,563 ± 696 g forthose with diabetes mellitus II, and 3,095 ± 451 g forthose with diabetes mellitus I. CONCLUSIONS: Infarction, hematoma, calcification, and fibrin were found on the maternal and fetal placental surfaces in women with diabetes. Women with gestational diabetes and post-term infants had more calcium deposits on the maternal placental surface as compared to those with type I and type II diabetes.

Foreskin analysis of circumcised boys with and without previous topical corticosteroid.

Problems with the foreskin are common reasons for pediatric surgery consultations. We collected the foreskin of 40 patients for 2 years and these samples were divided into groups with and without previous topical corticosteroid. We carried out histochemical hematoxylin & eosin and Picrosirius analyses of the foreskin. Collagen fibers and inflammatory infiltrate was higher in samples from patients who had complications related to phimosis. Fibrosis was higher in patients who used topical corticosteroid. A histopathologic study of the foreskin may provide an additional analysis of patients undergoing circumcision and it can also improve the accuracy of surgical indication.

Kocher-Debré-Sémélaigne syndrome diagnosed by autopsy associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation.

Kocher-Debré-Sémélaigne syndrome is a rare disease with little literature, which develops with myopathy in infancy associated with neuromuscular alterations, polymyositis with symmetrical proximal muscle weakness, pseudohypertrophy, muscular rigidity and spasms, exercise intolerance, myxoedema, short stature, and cretinism. Male patient aged 18 years old, 1.52 m in height, admitted in the General Hospital of Triângulo Mineiro Federal University on November 11, 2003, complaining of intense diffuse abdominal pain like severe cramps, without triggering factors, associated with asthenia and hyporexia. This seems to be one of the few reports of KDS syndrome diagnoses by autopsy, where alterations in the thyroid gland connected with hypotrophy and probable congenital hypothyroidism were described and resulted in complications such as disseminated intravascular coagulation and hemophagocytic syndrome with fast progression to death of an 18-year-old patient.

Morphologic analysis of fetal stress organsin different causes of perinatal death.

Complications act as stress-inducers during pregnancy so the fetus can develop functional compensatory mechanisms or morphologic changes. The cases analyzed are with congenital malformations or acute stress; chronic included cases with ascending infection (AI) and perinatal hypoxia/anoxia (PHA). The hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) was done to analyze the vacuolization, and the immunohistochemistry to the phagocytosis. The discreet standard of vacuolization was observed in 52.6% of the cases, 22.1% moderate, and 25.3% severe. The number of macrophages was higher in PHA. Changes in these organs are closely related to the cause of death and to the period during which the harmful agent.

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in individuals with AIDS.

UNLABELLED: Vestibular folds (VF) protect upper airways, but contain fewer immune cells in AIDS patients, which affects the structure of lymphoid follicles (LF). OBJECTIVE: To characterize fibrosis and immunoglobulin production in vestibular fold lymphoid tissues of AIDS patients with or with no infection and malnutrition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 71 adult vestibular fold autopsy specimens. The morphological analysis was done using the picrosirius staining method. Immunohistochemical methods consisted of anti-IgA, anti IgG, and anti IgM antibodies. RESULTS: Fibrosis was less intense in AIDS patients compared to subjects without AIDS; the same applied to patients with infection or malnutrition. IgA and IgG titers were higher in AIDS patients; IgM titers were higher in cases with infection. CONCLUSION: This study helps understand variations in lymphoid follicle components of AIDS patients; it also shows the influence of architectural changes and the effect of associated respiratory infection and malnutrition on lymphoid follicle function.

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in individuals with AIDS / Tecido linfoide associado à mucosa em indivíduos com AIDS

Vestibular folds (VF) protect upper airways, but contain fewer immune cells in AIDS patients, which affects the structure of lymphoid follicles (LF). OBJECTIVE: To characterize fibrosis and immunoglobulin production in vestibular fold lymphoid tissues of AIDS patients with or with no infection and malnutrition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 71 adult vestibular fold autopsy specimens. The morphological analysis was done using the picrosirius staining method. Immunohistochemical methods consisted of anti-IgA, anti IgG, and anti IgM antibodies. RESULTS: Fibrosis was less intense in AIDS patients compared to subjects without AIDS; the same applied to patients with infection or malnutrition. IgA and IgG titers were higher in AIDS patients; IgM titers were higher in cases with infection. CONCLUSION: This study helps understand variations in lymphoid follicle components of AIDS patients; it also shows the influence of architectural changes and the effect of associated respiratory infection and malnutrition on lymphoid follicle function.

Pregas vestibulares (PV) são responsáveis pela proteção das vias aéreas superiores e, nos indivíduos com AIDS, apresenta diminuição das células imunes, o que influencia na estrutura dos folículos linfoides (FL). OBJETIVO: Caracterizar a fibrose e a produção de imunoglobulinas nos FL das PV nos indivíduos com AIDS, com e sem infecções e subnutrição associadas. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo transversal em 71 PV de adultos autopsiados. Para a análise morfológica foi usada a coloração picro-sirius. A imuno-histoquímica foi realizada com os anticorpos: anti-IgA, anti-IgG, anti-IgM. RESULTADOS: Nos pacientes com AIDS, a quantidade de fibrose foi menor quando comparados com aqueles que não possuíam AIDS, o mesmo sendo encontrado nos pacientes com infecções ou subnutrição. As quantidades de IgA e IgG foram maiores nos indivíduos com AIDS, e os valores de IgM foram maiores nos casos com infecção. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo contribui para o melhor conhecimento da variação dos constituintes dos FL das PV nos indivíduos com AIDS, bem como da influência de modificações arquiteturais, e da associação de outras entidades, como infecções respiratórias e a subnutrição, sobre a função destes FL.

Fatores maternos e neonatais associados à prematuridade / Maternal and neonatal factors associated with prematurity / Factores maternos y neonatales asociados a prematuridad

A prematuridade representa a causa mais freqüente de morbidade neonatal. O objetivo desse estudo foi realizar um levantamento dos nascimentos de recém-nascidos vivos com menos de 37 semanas completas de gestação e relacionar com as alterações patológicas encontradas. Foram coletados dados referentes à história clínica materna e do neonato. A média da idade gestacional dos 104 RNs estudados foi de 31 semanas ± 4 dias. A média de peso dos prematuros foi de 2350 gramas. Os grupos de doenças de base maternas encontradas foram: hipertensão materna 51 casos (49%), alterações útero-placentárias 21 casos (20,1%), doenças infecciosas 12 casos (11,5%), cardiopatias 9 casos (5,7 %), diabetes 2 casos (1,9%), Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida 1 caso (0,9%) ainda 8 casos (7,6%) em que não havia registro de doença de base. Entre os grupos de doenças de base fetais o mais frequente foi o grupo de doenças do aparelho respiratório, com 81 casos (78%). Em nosso estudo, houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre idade gestacional e doença de base materna (p=0,038). A prematuridade continua sendo a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade neonatal, representando um dos maiores desafios para o fornecimento de uma assistência profissional de qualidade.

The prematurity is the most frequent cause of neonatal morbidity. The aim of this search was to perform a survey of thenewborns with less than 37 completed weeks of gestation and related with the pathological alterations found. The data wascollected from the maternal and neonatal medical record. The mean gestational age of the 104 newborns studied was 31weeks ± 4 days. The mean weight of the premature infants in our study was 2350 grams. The groups with maternal baselinediseases were: maternal hypertension 51 cases (49%), uterus-placental disorders 21 cases (20.1%), infectious diseases 12cases (11.5%), heart diseases 9 cases (5.7 %), diabetes 2 cases (1.9%), Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 1 case(0.9%) and 8 cases (7.6%) with no record of the baseline disease. Among the groups with fetal baseline diseases the mostfrequent diseases were of the respiratory tract, with 81 cases (78%). In our study, there was statistically significantdifference between gestational age and maternal baseline disease (p=0038). The prematurity remains the main cause ofneonatal morbidity and mortality, being one of the biggest challenges for the provision of professional high quality assistance.

El nacimiento prematuro representa la causa más frecuente de morbilidad neonatal. Objetivo: realizar un levantamiento delos nacimientos de recién nacidos vivos con menos de 37 semanas completas de gestación y relaciona con las modificacionespatológicas encontradas. Se recolectaron los datos referentes a historia clínica materna y del neonato. La media de la edadgestacional de los 104 recién nacidos estudiados fue de 31 semanas±4 días. De los 104 casos estudiados, 82 casos (78,8 %)habían sido acompañados durante el prenatal. La media de peso de los prematuros fue de 2350 gramos. Los grupos deenfermedades de base maternas encontradas fueron: hipertensión materna 51 casos (49%), alteraciones útero-placentarias21 casos (20,1%), enfermedades infecciosas 12 casos (11,5%), cardiopatías 9 casos (5,7 %), diabetes 2 casos (1,9%),Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida 1 caso (0,9%) además de 8 casos (7,6%) en que no habían registros deenfermedades de base. Entre los grupos de enfermedades de base fetales las más frecuentes fueron las del grupo deenfermedades del sistema respiratorio, con 81 casos (78%). En nuestro estudio, hubo diferencias estadísticamentesignificativas entre edad gestacional y enfermedad de base materna (p=0,038). La prematuridad continúa siendo la principalcausa de morbilidad y mortalidad neonatal.

Morphological and morphometrical alterations of the osteochondral junction in perinatal necropsies.

Infants who die during the perinatal period could present the following upon examination of the ribs: alterations of the osteochondral junction (OCJ) that could be related to intrauterine growth restriction, placental alterations, maternal disorders, and congenital abnormalities. The aim of this study was to identify the morphological alterations of the OCJ in the autopsied infants and the factors associated with its pathogenesis. The OCJ from 254 infants were sequentially autopsied and analyzed. Hematoxylin-eosin and blue Masson's trichrome stains were used for examination. The expression in the chondrocytes of the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) was measured using a polyclonal antibody. There were 199 (78.3%) cases with normal OCJ and 55 (22%) cases with alterations; among these, 38 (14.9%) cases have an increased cartilage matrix at the free bone marrow zone of the OCJ (ICM), 10 (3.9%) cases have a bizarre pattern (BZ), 5 (2%) cases have a bone tissue formation closing de growth channels (MCO) of the OCJ, and 2 (0.8%) cases have bone marrow cells encroaching the free bone marrow zone. The length of the proliferative zone was different in the groups with alterations of the OCJ (P < .001), being higher in the group of patients with MCO and ICM (P < .05). In the group with BZ, the length was smaller (P < .05). The analysis of the OCJ is important in the autopsies performed at the perinatal period, and this study contributes for a better understanding of the mechanisms related to the etiology of these alterations.