1.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev
; 116: 480-493, 2020 09.
Artigo
em Inglês
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-32682741
RESUMO
The measurement of pain in animals is surprisingly complex, and remains a critical issue in veterinary care and biomedical research. Based on the known utility of pain measurement via facial expression in verbal and especially non-verbal human populations, "grimace scales" were first developed a decade ago for use in rodents and now exist for 10 different mammalian species. This review details the background context, historical development, features (including duration), psychometric properties, modulatory factors, and impact of animal grimace scales for pain.