Comparative development of staminate and pistillate flowers in the dioecious cactus Opuntia robusta.

KEY MESSAGE: PCD role in unisexual flowers. The developmental processes underlying the transition from hermaphroditism to unisexuality are key to understanding variation and evolution of floral structure and function. A detailed examination of the cytological and histological patterns involved in pollen and ovule development of staminate and pistillate flowers in the dioecious Opuntia robusta was undertaken, and the potential involvement of programmed cell death in the abortion of the sex whorls was explored. Flowers initiated development as hermaphrodites and became functionally unisexual by anthesis. Female individuals have pistillate flowers with a conspicuous stigma, functional ovary, collapsed stamens and no pollen grains. Male individuals have staminate flowers, with large yellow anthers, abundant pollen grains, underdeveloped stigma, style and an ovary that rarely produced ovules. In pistillate flowers, anther abortion resulted from the premature degradation of the tapetum by PCD, followed by irregular deposition of callose wall around the microsporocytes, and finally by microspore degradation. In staminate flowers, the stigma could support pollen germination; however, the ovaries were reduced, with evidence of placental arrest and ovule abortion through PCD, when ovules were present. We demonstrate that PCD is recruited in both pistillate and staminate flower development; however, it occurs at different times of floral development. This study contributes to the understanding of the nature of the O. robusta breeding system and identifies developmental landmarks that contribute to sexual determination in Cactaceae.

El nivel de conocimiento como factor de riesgo para el ingreso hospitalario de personas con diabetes tipo 2 / Level of knowledge as risk factor for hospital readmition in type 2 diabetes patients

Resumen

Summary

Introduction: the existence of health education remotes to the begining of human origin, when men jointed against the natural fenomenon for obtaining from their fights and experiences the knowledge to substain and conquer a better way of life.

Objective: to determine if the low health educational level is a risk factor to hospital admition in type 2 diabetic patients.

Methodology: we study 80 cases and 80 controls defining as cases patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus reaquiring hospitalization with more than a year of illness and as controls the diabetic patients who did not had need for hospitalization. We use a cuestionary for evaluating health education.

Results: sixty two cases had low health education level and 18 high level, in the control group 41 had high level and 39 low level stablishing an estadistical significative asociation with a alpha of 0.05. OR 3.6 IC 95 % 2.1 to 5.4.

Conclusions: low health educational level in diabetic patients is a risk factor for admition and re-admition to hospital.

Introducción: el desconocimiento del autocuidado de la salud puede ser un factor de riesgo en el ingreso hospitalario del paciente diabético. Se ha observado que pacientes con enfermedades cronico-degenerativas tienen un bajo nivel de conocimiento sobre el autocuidado.

Objetivo: determinar el nivel de conocimiento como factor de riesgo en el ingreso hospitalario en los pacientes diabéticos tipo 2, en el Hospital General Regional 1 de Culiacán, Sinaloa.

Metodología: se realizó un estudio de casos y controles en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Se consideraron como casos aquellos que requirieron hospitalización (n = 80) y como controles los que no ameritaron hospitalización (n = 80) durante los meses de agosto a septiembre del 2007. Se utilizó un cuestionario que evaluó el nivel de conocimiento sobre educación para la salud. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la χ2 y RM con IC del 95 %.

Resultados: se encontró que 62 casos (77.5 %) tuvieron nivel bajo y 18 (22.5 %) nivel alto de conocimiento para la salud, en los controles 41 (51.2 %) tuvieron un nivel alto y 39 (48.8 %) nivel bajo encontrando asociación estadísticamente significativa con una alfa de 0.05 y RM 3.6 IC 95 % 2.1 a 5.4.

Conclusiones: el bajo nivel de conocimiento para la salud en pacientes diabéticos es un factor de riesgo para el ingreso hospitalario.