Position statement on infection screening, prophylaxis, and vaccination of pediatric patients with rheumatic diseases and immunosuppressive therapies, part 3: precautions in situations of surgery, fever, and opportunistic infections.

The objective of this study is to provide practical recommendations on the management of pediatric patients with immune-mediated rheumatic diseases receiving immunosuppressive therapies. The recommendations specifically address the cases of surgery, fever, and opportunistic infections (varicella, herpes-zoster, tuberculosis, invasive fungal disease). A qualitative approach was applied. A narrative literature review was performed via Medline. Primary searches were conducted using MeSH terms and free text to identify publications on infections and vaccinations in pediatric patients with immune-mediated rheumatic diseases receiving immunosuppressive therapies. The results were presented and discussed in a nominal group meeting, comprising a committee of 12 pediatric rheumatologists from the Infection Prevention and Treatment Working Group of the Spanish Society of Pediatric Rheumatology. Several recommendations were generated. A consensus procedure was implemented via a Delphi process; this was extended to members of the Spanish Society of Pediatric Rheumatology and Spanish Society of Pediatric Infectious Disease of the Spanish Association of Pediatrics. Participants produced a score ranging from 0 (totally disagree) to 10 (totally agree). Agreement was defined as a vote ≥ 7 by at least 70% of participants. The literature review included more than 400 articles. Overall, 63 recommendations (19 on surgery, fever, and opportunistic infections) were generated and voted by 59 pediatric rheumatologists and other pediatric specialists. Agreement was reached for all 63 recommendations. The recommendations on special situations cover management in cases of surgery, fever, and opportunistic infections (varicella, herpes-zoster, tuberculosis, and invasive fungal disease).  Conclusions: Hereby, we provided consensus and updated of recommendations about the management of special situations such as surgery, fever, and opportunistic in children with immune-mediated rheumatic diseases receiving immunosuppressive therapies. Several of the recommendations depend largely on clinical judgement and specific balance between risk and benefit for each individual and situation. To assess this risk, the clinician should have knowledge of the drugs, the patient's previous situation as well as the current infectious disease, in addition to experience. What is Known: • Infectious diseases and related complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with immune-mediated rheumatic diseases. • Information on how to manage the treatment in situations of fever, opportunistic infections, and surgery in children is limited, and guidelines for action are often extrapolated from adults. What is New: • In the absence of strong evidence, a literature review and a Delphi survey were conducted to establish a series of expert recommendations that could support the clinical practice, providing a practical and simple day-to-day approach to be used by pediatric rheumatologists.

Position statement on infection screening, prophylaxis, and vaccination in pediatric patients with rheumatic diseases and immunosuppressive therapies, part 2: infection prophylaxis.

This study aims to provide practical recommendations on prophylaxis for infection in pediatric patients with immune-mediated rheumatic diseases receiving/scheduled to receive immunosuppressive therapy. A qualitative approach was applied. A narrative literature review was performed via Medline. Primary searches were conducted using MeSH terms and free text to identify articles that analyzed data on infections and vaccinations in pediatric patients with immune-mediated rheumatic diseases receiving immunosuppressive therapy. The results were presented and discussed in a nominal group meeting comprising a committee of 12 pediatric rheumatologists from the Prevention and Treatment of Infections Working Group of the Spanish Society of Pediatric Rheumatology. Several recommendations were generated. A consensus procedure was implemented via a Delphi process that was extended to members of the Spanish Society of Pediatric Rheumatology and the Vaccine Advisory Committee of the Spanish Association of Pediatrics. Participants produced a score ranging from 0 (completely disagree) to 10 (completely agree). Agreement was considered to have been reached if at least 70% of participants voted ≥ 7. The literature review included more than 400 articles. Overall, 63 recommendations were generated (23 on infection prophylaxis) and voted by 59 pediatric rheumatologists and other pediatric specialists, all of whom achieved the pre-established level of agreement. The recommendations on prophylaxis of infection cover vaccination and prophylaxis against varicella zoster virus, tuberculosis, Pneumocystis jiroveccii, and invasive fungal infections in pediatric patients with immune-mediated rheumatic diseases receiving/scheduled to receive immunosuppressive therapy.  Conclusion: Based on current evidence and a Delphi process, we provided consensus and updated recommendations on prophylaxis and treatment of infections to guide those caring for pediatric rheumatology patients. What is Known: •Data largely derived from adults find that infectious diseases and related complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with immune-mediated rheumatic diseases. •It is crucial to be aware of the preventive measures that should be implemented to prevent these infections in children, although most guidelines are often extrapolated from adult cases. What is New: •In the absence of evidence, a literature review and a Delphi survey were conducted to establish a series of expert recommendations that could prove useful in clinical practice, providing a practical and simple day-to-day approach to be used by pediatric rheumatologists. •The recommendations focus on tuberculosis, herpes zoster virus, fungal infections, and Pneumocystis jirovecii.

Use of maltodextrin, sweet potato flour, pectin and gelatin as wall material for microencapsulating Lactiplantibacillus plantarum by spray drying: Thermal resistance, in vitro release behavior, storage stability and physicochemical properties.

Different plant products and co-products have been studied as wall materials for the microencapsulation of probiotics due to the need for new lost-cost, abundant, and natural materials. In this study, microparticles were developed by spray drying using different combinations of conventional materials such as maltodextrin, pectin, gelatin, and agar-agar with unconventional materials such as sweet potato flour to microencapsulate Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. The microparticles obtained were evaluated for encapsulation efficiency, thermal resistance, and rupture test. The most resistant microparticles were characterized and evaluated for probiotic viability during storage and survival to in vitro gastrointestinal conditions. Microparticles A (10 % maltodextrin, 5 % sweet potato flour, and 1 % pectin) and B (10 % maltodextrin, 4 % sweet potato flour, and 2 % gelatin) showed high thermal resistance (>59 %) and survival in acidic conditions (>80 %). L. plantarum in microparticles A and B remained viable with counts > 6 log CFU.g-1 for 45 days at 8 °C and -18 °C and resisted in vitro gastrointestinal conditions after processing with counts of 8.38 and 9.10 log CFU.g-1, respectively. Therefore, the selected microparticles have great potential for application in different products in the food industry, as they promote the protection and distribution of probiotic microorganisms.

Position statement of the Spanish Society of Pediatric Rheumatology on infection screening, prophylaxis, and vaccination of pediatric patients with rheumatic diseases and immunosuppressive therapies: Part 1 (screening).

This study provides practical recommendations on infection screening in pediatric patients with immune-mediated rheumatic diseases and immunosuppressive therapies. For this reason, a qualitative approach was applied. A narrative literature review was performed via Medline. Primary searches were conducted using Mesh and free texts to identify articles that analyzed data on infections and vaccinations in pediatric patients with immune-mediated rheumatic diseases and immunosuppressive therapies. The results were presented and discussed in a nominal group meeting, comprising a committee of 12 pediatric rheumatologists from the infections prevention and treatment working group of the Spanish Society of Pediatric Rheumatology. Several recommendations were generated. A consensus procedure was implemented via a Delphi process that was extended to members of the Spanish Society of Pediatric Rheumatology and Vaccine Advisory Committee of the Spanish Association of Pediatrics. Participants to the process produced a score ranging from 0 = totally disagree to 10 = totally agree. Agreement was considered if at least 70% of participants voted ≥ 7. The literature review included more than 400 articles. Overall, 63 recommendations were generated (21 on infection screening) voted by 59 pediatric rheumatologists and other pediatric specialists, all of them achieving the pre-established agreement level. The recommendations on screening cover all the procedures (serology, assessment of risk factors, and other clinical activities) connected with the screening for infections including tuberculosis; hepatitis A, B, and C viruses; measles; mumps; rubella; diphtheria; and other infections. Conclusion: Screening for infections is an essential part of risk management in pediatric patients with immune-mediated rheumatic diseases and immunosuppressive therapies. What is Known: • Infectious diseases and related complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with immune-mediated rheumatic diseases. • At present, practical information on infectious prophylaxis in children with rheumatic diseases is limited, and often extrapolated from children with cancer. What is New: • In the absence of evidence, a literature review and a Delphi survey were conducted to establish a series of expert recommendations that would be useful in clinical practice, providing a practical and simple day-to-day approach to be used by pediatric rheumatologists.

Função renal na admissão do paciente com sepse em uma unidade de terapia intensiva / Renal function in admission of patients with sepsis in intensive care unit / La función renal en admisión del paciente sepsis en unidad de cuidados intensivos

Objetivo: avaliar a função renal, a gravidade, o prognóstico na admissão e o desfecho dos pacientes com sepse internados em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Método: estudo transversal e retrospectivo no qual foram levantadas as variáveis sociodemográficas, escores de gravidade e prognóstico. A função renal foi avaliada pelo escore RIFLE e pela estimativa da taxa de filtração glomerular. Resultados: foram incluídos 96 pacientes, dos quais 42 (43,7%) apresentavam função renal normal, 13 (13,5%) risco, 19 (19,7%) lesão e 22 (22,9%) falência. Os escores de gravidade e prognóstico mostraram-se mais elevados nos pacientes com alteração da função renal, porém, sem diferença entre os pacientes com função renal normal e alterada em relação ao óbito. Conclusão: a avaliação da função renal na admissão de pacientes com sepse na unidade intensiva mostrou que 56,2% apresentavam alguma alteração, além disso, pacientes com alteração da função renal se apresentaram mais graves e com pior prognóstico

Objective: to evaluate renal function, severity, prognosis at admission and outcome of patients with sepsis admitted to an Intensive Care Unit. Method: cross-sectional and retrospective study in which sociodemographic variables, severity scores and prognosis were raised. Renal function was assessed by the RIFLE score and the estimation of glomerular filtration rate. Results: 96 patients were included, of which 42 (43.7%) had normal renal function, 13 (13.5%) risk, 19 (19.7%) injury and 22 (22.9%) failure. Severity and prognostic scores were higher in patients with impaired renal function, but with no difference between patients with normal and altered renal function in relation to death. Conclusion: the evaluation of renal function on admission of patients with sepsis in the unit care showed that 56.2% had some alteration. In addition, patients with altered renal function were more severe and had a worse prognosis

Contribuição da pesquisa convergente assistencial para prevenção de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica / Contribution of convergent care research to preventing pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation / Contribución de la investigación convergente-asistencial para prevenir la neumonía asociada con la ventilación mecánica

Objetivo: elaborar um protocolo para prevenção de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica com a participação dos profissionais que o utilizarão, por meio do referencial da pesquisa convergente assistencial. Método: foi realizada uma entrevista individual e três encontros grupais com os profissionais. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizado o referencial de Morse e Field. O estudo foi aprovado por um Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados: os cuidados citados nas entrevistas individuais foram organizados de acordo com o nível de evidência sugerido no Guideline da American Thoracic Society. Nos encontros grupais os cuidados foram discutidos de acordo com a relevância na prevenção da pneumonia. Os cuidados elencados como relevantes compuseram a versão final do protocolo. Conclusão: o referencial da pesquisa convergente assistencial possibilitou a elaboração de um protocolo para prevenção de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica, com o envolvimento dos profissionais atuantes na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva.

Objective: to develop a protocol for the prevention of pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation, with the participation of the health personnel who will use it and applying the framework of convergent care research. Method: data were collected by individual interview and three group meetings with the health personnel, and analyzed using the Morse and Field framework. The study was approved by a research ethics committee. Results: the care cited in the individual interviews was organized by level of evidence, as suggested in the Guidelines of the American Thoracic Society. In the group meetings, care was discussed according to its relevance in preventing pneumonia. The care mentioned as relevant made up the final version of the protocol. Conclusion: convergent care research framework made it possible to develop a protocol for the prevention of pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation, with the involvement of health personnel working in the Intensive Care Unit.

Objetivo: elaborar un protocolo para la prevención de la neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica con la participación de los profesionales que lo utilizarán, a través del marco de la investigación convergente-asistencial. Método: se realizó une entrevista individual y tres encuentros en grupo con los profesionales. Para el análisis de los datos, se utilizó el marco Morse y Field. El estudio fue aprobado por un Comité de Ética en Investigación. Resultados: la atención mencionada en las entrevistas individuales se organizó de acuerdo con el nivel de evidencia sugerido en la Guía de la American Thoracic Society. En las reuniones de grupo, se discutió la atención según su relevancia en la prevención de la neumonía. Los cuidados enumerados como relevantes constituyeron la versión final del protocolo. Conclusión: el marco de la investigación convergente-asistencial permitió desarrollar un protocolo para la prevención de neumonías asociadas a la ventilación mecánica, con la participación de los profesionales que trabajan en la Unidad de Cuidados intensivos.

Case Report: Novel SAVI-Causing Variants in STING1 Expand the Clinical Disease Spectrum and Suggest a Refined Model of STING Activation.

Gain-of-function mutations in STING1 cause the monogenic interferonopathy, SAVI, which presents with early-onset systemic inflammation, cold-induced vasculopathy and/or interstitial lung disease. We identified 5 patients (3 kindreds) with predominantly peripheral vascular disease who harbor 3 novel STING1 variants, p.H72N, p.F153V, and p.G158A. The latter two were predicted by a previous cryo-EM structure model to cause STING autoactivation. The p.H72N variant in exon 3, however, is the first SAVI-causing variant in the transmembrane linker region. Mutations of p.H72 into either charged residues or hydrophobic residues all led to dramatic loss of cGAMP response, while amino acid changes to residues with polar side chains were able to maintain the wild type status. Structural modeling of these novel mutations suggests a reconciled model of STING activation, which indicates that STING dimers can oligomerize in both open and closed states which would obliviate a high-energy 180° rotation of the ligand-binding head for STING activation, thus refining existing models of STING activation. Quantitative comparison showed that an overall lower autoactivating potential of the disease-causing mutations was associated with less severe lung disease, more severe peripheral vascular disease and the absence of a robust interferon signature in whole blood. Our findings are important in understanding genotype-phenotype correlation, designing targeted STING inhibitors and in dissecting differentially activated pathways downstream of different STING mutations.

Os efeitos do mindfulness na percepção dos estudantes de medicina de uma universidade brasileira / The effects of mindfulness as perceived by Brazilian medicine students

Resumo: Introdução: Sob a perspectiva do cuidado em saúde do estudante, o bem-estar mental desempenha forte influência na qualidade de vida e, consequentemente, na performance acadêmica e profissional. Programas baseados na atenção plena focam o desenvolvimento de habilidades de gerenciamento de estresse, sendo estratégias eficazes para melhorar o manejo da saúde mental. Ademais, esses programas se mostram reproduzíveis e com a característica de serem realizados em grupo. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a percepção sobre um programa de prática meditativa oferecido a estudantes de Medicina com o enfoque nas estratégias apreendidas a partir dessa experiência. Método: Este estudo foi realizado na Universidade Federal do Paraná, por meio da aplicação de um protocolo preexistente de mindfulness adaptado para a realidade dos estudantes de graduação. Trata-se de um estudo de metodologia qualitativa que avaliou os impactos trazidos pela meditação e as implicações efetivas na vida dos participantes do programa. Resultados: Significativas mudanças foram relatadas pelos participantes, como um autocuidado maior, melhora na organização pessoal e maior compreensão de suas emoções. Apontaram a estratégia como ponto de apoio importante para enfrentamento das dificuldades diárias que encontravam no curso. Tais aspectos perduraram nos discursos dos participantes mesmo após seis meses da intervenção. Apesar dessa melhora, os alunos não incorporaram a meditação em si como um hábito diário. Conclusões: Na perspectiva de uma abordagem em grupo, além dos efeitos positivos, a prática se mostrou barata e de fácil reprodução. Por se tratar de uma prática com diversos protocolos estabelecidos e bem estudados, poderia se tornar uma inestimável ferramenta de apoio à saúde mental dos estudantes.

Abstract: Introduction: From the perspective of student health care, mental well-being is a key influence on quality of life and, consequently, on academic and professional performance. Mindfulness-based programs focus on developing stress management skills, representing effective strategies to improve mental health management. Furthermore, these programs are reproducible and can be conducted in groups. Objective: To analyze how medical students perceive a practical meditation program offered to them, focusing on the strategies learned from that experience. Method: This study was conducted at the Federal University of Paraná, using an existing Mindfulness protocol adapted to the reality of the undergraduate students. It was a qualitative methodological study to assess the impacts caused by the meditation and the effective life implications for the participants. Results: Significant changes were reported by the participants, such as greater self-care, improved personal organization and greater understanding of their emotions. They pointed out the strategy as an important support point to face the daily difficulties they encountered during medical school. Such aspects persisted in the accounts given by the participants even after six months of the intervention. Despite this improvement, the students did not incorporate meditation itself as a daily habit. Conclusions: From a group approach perspective, as well as the positive effects, the practice proved to be cheap and easy to reproduce. As there are numerous well-studied and established protocols for the practice, it could become an invaluable support tool for student mental health.

Assistance to the puerperium and the construction of a flow chart for nursing consultation / Assistência puerperal e a construção de um fluxograma para consulta de enfermagem

Abstract Objectives: to identify the main complaints and problems presented by women in the puerperium during nursing consultations and create a care flow chart. Methods: descriptive, cross-sectional exploratory study with quantitative treatment of data conducted in a private hospital in Brazil, with a sample of 114 women. Results: of the puerperal women evaluated, 57.9% were primiparous and 66.7% reported not having received guidance about the puerperal period. Cesarean sections occurred in 89.5% of the sample, and 80.7% of the women presented difficulties inherent to the care given to the newborn or self-care. All mothers were breastfeeding and 42.1% of them reported difficulties in this process. Among breast complications, 30.7% corresponded to fissures. In view of the needs observed in the nursing consultation, women received guidelines from the nurses, and were referred for specialized evaluation when pertinent. Conclusions: it was observed that problems and complaints presented by women in the puerperium were related with care to the newborn, breastfeeding, emotional state and family support. Health professionals who give puerperal consultations should consider the sociocultural environment in which the puerperal woman is inserted in order to link their beliefs with science.

Resumo Objetivos: identificar as principais queixas e problemas apresentados por mulheres no puerpério durante a consulta de enfermagem e elaborar um fluxograma de atendimento. Métodos: estudo descritivo, exploratório transversal com tratamento quantitativo dos dados. Realizado em hospital privado do interior paulista entre os meses de outubro a dezembro de 2016, com uma amostra de 114 mulheres. Resultados: das puérperas avaliadas, 57,9% eram primíparas e 66,7% referiram não ter recebido orientação sobre o período puerperal. A cesariana ocorreu em 89,5% da amostra e 80,7% das mulheres apresentaram dificuldades inerentes aos cuidados dispensados ao recém-nascido ou ao seu autocuidado. Todas as mulheres praticaram o aleitamento materno e 42,1% destas relataram dificuldades em amamentar. Dentre as complicações mamárias, 30,7% correspondeu às fissuras. Conclusões: observou-se que os problemas e queixas mais comuns no puerpério estão relacionados ao cuidado com o recém-nascido, aleitamento, estado emocional e suporte familiar. O profissional da saúde que realiza a consulta puerperal deve considerar o meio sociocultural em que a puérpera está inserida a fim de atrelar as suas crenças à ciência, de modo a obter sucesso nas orientações.

Higiene oral: atuação da equipa de enfermagem em ambiente hospitalar / Oral hygiene: performance of the nursing team in a hospital environment / Higiene oral: la actuación del equipo de enfermería en el entorno hospitalario

Enquadramento: A higiene oral é um cuidado essencial na assistência de enfermagem. A sua realização auxilia na prevenção de doenças bucais e sistémicas. Objetivo: Identificar a atuação da equipa de enfermagem na higiene oral em ambiente hospitalar. Metodologia: Estudo exploratório, descritivo, transversal, de abordagem quantitativa realizado com profissionais de enfermagem, que atuam na área hospitalar. Foi aplicado um questionário contendo informações sociodemográficas, do trabalho e da atuação dos participantes na higiene oral. Resultados: Cento e quatorze profissionais de enfermagem participaram do estudo, dentre estes, 75,4% relataram que não realizaram a higiene oral no último turno e 44,7% da equipa sugeriu que o doente o fizesse. A sobrecarga de trabalho e a alta rotatividade de doentes foram citadas como impedimentos para realização deste cuidado. Conclusão: A equipa de enfermagem percebe a higiene oral como um cuidado essencial ao doente, contudo a atuação na prática da higiene oral tem sido negligenciada. Neste contexto, este estudo aponta para a necessidade de fornecer atividades de educação permanente sobre esse cuidado em ambiente hospitalar.

Background: Oral hygiene is essential in nursing care. It helps in the prevention of oral and systemic diseases. Objective: To identify the performance of the nursing team in oral hygiene in a hospital environment. Methodology: Exploratory, descriptive, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach carried out with nursing professionals who work in the hospital environment. A questionnaire was applied to participants about their sociodemographic and professional characteristics and the performance of oral hygiene. Results: A total of 114 nursing professionals participated in this study. Of these, 75.4% of participants reported that they had not performed oral hygiene in the last shift, and 44.7% of the team members suggested that the patient should do so. Work overload and high patient turnover were mentioned as constraints to the performance of oral care. Conclusion: The nursing staff perceives oral hygiene as a part of essential patient care; however, oral hygiene practice has been neglected. This study points to the need to provide continuing education activities on this type of care in the hospital environment.

Marco contextual: La higiene oral es un cuidado esencial en la atención de enfermería. Su realización ayuda a la prevención de enfermedades orales y sistémicas. Objetivo: Identificar la actuación del equipo de enfermería en la higiene bucal en un ambiente hospitalario. Metodología: Estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, transversal y de enfoque cuantitativo realizado con profesionales de enfermería que trabajan en el área hospitalaria. Se aplicó un cuestionario que contenía información sociodemográfica sobre el trabajo y la actuación de los participantes en la higiene bucal. Resultados: Ciento catorce profesionales de enfermería participaron en el estudio, de ellos el 75,4% informó de que no realizaron la higiene bucal en el último turno y el 44,7% del equipo sugirió que el paciente lo hiciera. La sobrecarga de trabajo y la alta rotación de pacientes se citaron como impedimentos para realizar esta atención. Conclusión: El equipo de enfermería considera la higiene bucal como un cuidado esencial para el paciente, sin embargo, esta práctica de la higiene bucal se ha descuidado. En este contexto, el presente estudio señala la necesidad de realizar actividades de educación permanente en torno a este tipo de cuidado en un entorno hospitalario.

Relação entre gravidade clínica e horas de cuidados de enfermagem em um pronto socorro / Relationship between clinical severity and hours of nursing care in an emergency room

RESUMO Objetivo avaliar a relação entre a gravidade clínica de pacientes e as horas de cuidados dos profissionais de enfermagem em um pronto socorro. Métodos estudo correlacional, que se utilizou dos instrumentos Nursing Activities Score e Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation I. Resultados incluíram-se 338 pacientes. As médias mais altas foram identificadas no grupo óbitos sendo (22,0%) para Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II e (56,8%) para Nursing Activities Score, (p=0,000). Obteve-se relação moderada entre esses escores. Ademais, os dois instrumentos utilizados se mostraram capazes de predizer o óbito. Conclusão as avaliações do agravamento dos pacientes e da demanda por cuidados, podem contribuir com a adequação do número de pessoal, a redução do tempo de permanência nas salas de emergência e o planejamento assistencial de qualidade elevada.

ABSTRACT Objective to evaluate the relationship between the clinical severity of the patients and the hours of care of nursing professionals in an emergency room. Methods correlational study, which used the Nursing Activities Score and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation I instruments. Results we included 338 patients. The highest averages were identified in the group related to deaths, with (22.0%) for Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II and (56.8%) for Nursing Activities Score, (p=0.000). We obtained a moderate relationship between these scores. Moreover, the two instruments used proved to be capable of predicting deaths. Conclusion evaluations of the worsening of patients and the demand for care can contribute to the adequacy of the number of personnel, the reduction of the length of stay in the emergency rooms and the high-quality care planning.

Uso de peças cadavéricas e modelos sintéticos no ensino da anatomia nos cursos de enfermagem / Uso de piezas cadavéricas y modelos sintéticos en la enseñanza de la anatomía en los cursos de enfermería / Use of cadaveric pieces and synthetic models in the anatomy teaching in undergraduate nursing courses

Objetivo: identificar potencialidades e dificuldades do uso de peças cadavéricas e sintéticas no ensino de anatomia nos cursos de Enfermagem. Método: estudo quantitativo, transversal e descritivo. Um questionário contendo 23 perguntas foi enviado aos estudantes do curso de Enfermagem que finalizaram a disciplina de anatomia nos anos de 2015 e 2016. Os dados foram analisados com auxílio de software estatístico denotados por frequência absoluta e relativa. Resultados: participaram do estudo 132 estudantes, destes 80,3% concordaram que as peças cadavéricas ajudam na construção do conhecimento; 35,6% não apresentam dificuldades em relacionar peças sintéticas com as cadavéricas; 38,6% discordam que o uso somente de peças cadavéricas é suficiente para a aprendizagem e 55,3% consideram que a utilização concomitante das peças auxilia o entendimento. Conclusão: o uso de cadáveres no ensino da Anatomia apresenta mais potencialidades quando comparado ao uso de peças sintéticas. A utilização associada desses recursos facilita o processo de ensino-aprendizagem.

Objective: to identify potentialities and difficulties of the use of cadaveric and synthetic pieces in the anatomy teaching in Nursing courses. Method: quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive study. A questionnaire containing 23 questions was sent to the students of the Nursing course who finished the anatomy subject in 2015 and 2016. Data were analyzed with the help of statistical software denoted by absolute and relative frequencies. Results: the study included 132 students, 80.3% of them agreed that cadaveric pieces help the knowledge construction; 35.6% do not have difficulties in relating synthetic parts with cadaveric ones; 38.6% disagree that the use of cadaveric pieces alone is enough for learning; and 55.3% consider that the concomitant use of pieces helps the understanding. Conclusion: the use of cadavers in the anatomy teaching shows more potentialities when compared to the use of synthetic pieces. The associated use of these resources facilitates the teaching-learning process.

Objetivo: identificar las potencialidades y dificultades del uso de piezas cadavéricas y sintéticas en la enseñanza de la anatomía en los cursos de enfermería. Método: estudio cuantitativo, transversal y descriptivo. Se envió un cuestionario con 23 preguntas a los estudiantes del curso de Enfermería que terminaron la asignatura de anatomía en 2015 y 2016. Los datos se analizaron con la ayuda de un programa estadístico denotados por frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados: el estudio abarcó 132 estudiantes, el 80,3% de ellos acordaron que las piezas cadavéricas ayudan a la construcción del conocimiento; el 35,6% no presentaron dificultades para relacionar las partes sintéticas con las cadavéricas; el 38,6% discreparon con el uso solamente de las piezas cadavéricas es suficiente para el aprendizaje; y el 55,3% consideran que el uso concomitante de las piezas ayuda a la comprensión. Conclusión: el uso de cadáveres en la enseñanza de la Anatomía presenta mayores potencialidades en comparación con el uso de piezas sintéticas. El uso asociado de estos recursos facilita el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje.

Perfil de termorregulaçâo e desfecho clínico em pacientes críticos com sepse / Thermoregulation profile and clinical outcome in critical patients with sepsis

Resumo Objetivo: descrever o perfil da temperatura corporal (TC) e o desfecho em pacientes com sepse atendidos em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Método: estudo retrospectivo, descritivo e exploratório. Incluíram-se pacientes maiores de 18 anos, diagnosticados com sepse grave ou choque séptico no período de janeiro a dezembro 2012, atendidos em uma UTI de um hospital púbico. Foram levantadas variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e o desfecho. Para a avaliação da TC, consideraram-se todas as medidas registradas durante a internação, aferidas na região axilar por termômetro digital acoplado ao monitor multiparamétrico. Adicionalmente, propuseram-se cenários comparativos entre o número de episódios de febre ou hipotermia nas 24 horas após a internação e nas 24 horas prévias ao desfecho. Os dados foram coletados nos prontuários físicos e eletrônicos. Resultados: foram incluídos 105 pacientes, com predominância de maiores de 60 anos, sexo masculino e cor branca. O desfecho clínico para 26 (24,8 %) foi a alta e para 79 (75,2 %), o óbito. Foram observadas 8778 verificações da TC, sendo a hipotermia mais frequente no grupo óbito (p = 0,00). No grupo alta, as medidas dentro da normalidade foram mais frequentes (p = 0,00). Entre os cenários propostos, houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos quando ocorreram dois ou mais episódios de febre nas 24 horas prévias ao desfecho. Conclusão: a descrição do perfil de termorregulação em pacientes sépticos mostrou que a TC é um indicador complementar capaz de auxiliar a equipe na prática clínica com intuito de propiciar melhores desfechos.

Resumen Objetivo: describir el perfil de la temperatura corporal (TC) y el desenlace en pacientes con sepsis asistidos en una unidad de cuidado intensivo (UCI). Método: estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y exploratorio. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años, diagnosticados con sepsis grave o shock séptico en el periodo de enero a diciembre de 2012, asistidos en una uci de un hospital púbico. Se construyeron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y de desenlace. Para la evaluación de la TC se consideraron todas las medidas registradas durante la hospitalización, tomadas en la región axilar con termómetro digital acoplado al monitor multiparamétrico. Adicionalmente, se propusieron escenarios comparativos entre el número de episodios de fiebre o hipotermia en las 24 horas después del ingreso y el número de estos las 24 horas previas al desenlace. Los datos fueron recolectados de registros médicos físicos y electrónicos. Resultados: se incluyeron 105 pacientes, con predominio de mayores de 60 años, sexo masculino y color blanco. El resultado clínico para 26 pacientes (24,8 %) fue el alta y para 79 (75,2 %) la muerte. Se observaron 8778 verificaciones de TC, siendo la hipotermia más frecuente en el grupo de muerte (p = 0,00). En el grupo de alta, las medidas dentro de la normalidad fueron más frecuentes (p = 0,00). Entre los escenarios propuestos hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos cuando ocurrieron dos o más episodios de fiebre en las 24 horas anteriores al desenlace. Conclusión: la descripción del perfil de termorregulación en pacientes sépticos mostró que la TC es un indicador complementario capaz de auxiliar al equipo en la práctica clínica con el objetivo de propiciar mejores resultados.

Abstract Objective: to describe the body temperature profile (TC) and the outcome in patients with sepsis assisted in an intensive care unit (UCI). Method: retrospective, descriptive and exploratory study. Patients over the age of 18 were included, diagnosed with severe sepsis or septic shock in the period from January to December 2012, assisted in an UCI of a public hospital. Sociodemographic, clinical and outcome variables were built. For the evaluation of the TC, all measures recorded during hospitalization were considered, taken in the axillary region by digital thermometer coupled to the multiparametric monitor. In addition, comparative scenarios were proposed between the number of episodes of fever or hypothermia in the 24 hours after internment and the number of these 24 hours prior to the outcome. The data were collected from physical and electronic medical records. Results: 105 patients were included, predominantly over 60 years old, male and white. Clinical outcome for 26 patients (24.8 %) was to be discharged, and for 79 (75.2 %) it was death. 8778 TC verifications were observed, being hypothermia the most frequent in the death group (p = 0.00). In the discharge group, measurements within normality were more frequent (p = 0.00). Among the proposed scenarios, there was statistically significant difference between the groups when two or more episodes of fever occurred in the 24 hours prior to the outcome. Conclusion: the description of the thermoregulation profile in septic patients showed that the TC is a complementary indicator capable of assisting the team in the clinical practice in order to promote better results.

Real and illusory perceptions of patients in induced coma.

OBJECTIVE: To identify, in the scientific literature, real and illusory perceptions of adult patients in induced coma. METHODS: This is an integrative review of 15 primary studies from the Medline, Web of Science, LILACS, CINAHL and SCOPUS databases. RESULTS: The main memories reported after induced coma were thirst, cold, and pain. In some studies, patients reported they were unable to tell whether they were awake or dreaming, whether it was real or unreal. Satisfactory memories were reported by patients related to the care received and the use of bedside journals. CONCLUSION: Evidence showed a number of studies aiming to identify delirium, but without a focus on analyzing real or illusory perceptions of patients after induced coma. Thus, this integrative review identified scientific evidence of memories related to perceptions of sedated patients in the intensive care unit.

Real and illusory perceptions of patients in induced coma / Percepciones reales e ilusorias de pacientes en coma inducido / Percepções reais e ilusórias de pacientes em coma induzido

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify, in the scientific literature, real and illusory perceptions of adult patients in induced coma. Methods: This is an integrative review of 15 primary studies from the Medline, Web of Science, LILACS, CINAHL and SCOPUS databases. Results: The main memories reported after induced coma were thirst, cold, and pain. In some studies, patients reported they were unable to tell whether they were awake or dreaming, whether it was real or unreal. Satisfactory memories were reported by patients related to the care received and the use of bedside journals. Conclusion: Evidence showed a number of studies aiming to identify delirium, but without a focus on analyzing real or illusory perceptions of patients after induced coma. Thus, this integrative review identified scientific evidence of memories related to perceptions of sedated patients in the intensive care unit.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar, a partir de la literatura científica, percepciones reales e ilusorias de pacientes adultos en coma inducido. Método: Revisión integrativa de 15 estudios primarios alojados en las bases de datos Medline, Web of Science, LILACS, CINAHL y SCOPUS. Resultados: Los recuerdos más reportados luego del coma inducido son sed, frío y dolor. Existen estudios en los que los pacientes afirmaron no distinguir si estaban despiertos o soñando, si era real o irreal. Se identificaron relatos de recuerdos satisfactorios relacionados al cuidado recibido y al uso diario de cabecera. Conclusión: Las evidencias mostraron un abanico de estudios cuyo objetivo era identificar el delirium, aunque con menor enfoque en la identificación real o ilusoria del paciente luego del coma inducido. Así, esta revisión integrativa consiguió identificar evidencias científicas acerca de los recuerdos relativos a la percepción del paciente sedado e internado en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar, a partir da literatura científica, percepções reais e ilusórias de pacientes adultos em coma induzido. Método: Revisão integrativa de 15 estudos primários localizados nas bases de dados Medline, Web of Science, LILACS, CINAHL e SCOPUS. Resultados: As principais memórias relatadas após o coma induzido são sede, frio e dor. Há estudos em que os pacientes afirmaram não distinguir se estavam acordados ou sonhando, se o que acontecia era real ou irreal. Identificaram-se relatos de memórias satisfatórias relacionadas ao cuidado recebido e ao uso de diários de cabeceira. Conclusão: As evidências mostraram um leque de estudos direcionados a identificar o delirium, porém com menor foco na identificação da percepção real ou ilusória do paciente após coma induzido. Desse modo, esta revisão integrativa proporcionou a identificação de evidências científicas sobre as memórias relativas à percepção do paciente sedado e em estadia na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva.

Diabetes Mellitus: sua influência na resposta inflamatória e na evolução clínica da sepse / Diabetes Mellitus: its influence on the inflammatory response and clinical evolution of sepsis

A sepse é manifestada por um conjunto de reações fisiológicas do organismo que ocorrem de maneira desregulada em resposta à uma infecção. A mortalidade por essa síndrome é de aproximadamente 60%, a depender da gravidade das manifestações clínicas. Nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), pelo menos 30% dos leitos são ocupados por pacientes com sepse e estima-se que após esse agravo, há um aumento da morbidade e do risco de óbito. O diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 (DM2) é uma comorbidade presente em 20% dos pacientes com sepse. O diabetes acomete 415 milhões de pessoas no mundo, com expectativas de aumento da prevalência nos próximos anos. Acredita-se que diabéticos são mais susceptíveis às infecções e apresentam diferenças nas defesas do organismo como a redução da fagocitose dos leucócitos, elevação dos níveis séricos de fator de necrose tumoral alfa, que associados podem acarretar a inflamação mais persistente, especialmente em face à sepse. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência da resposta inflamatória em cultura de sangue total e a evolução clínica de diabéticos e não diabéticos com sepse. A resposta inflamatória foi analisada por delineamento experimental, em culturas de sangue total ex vivo. Foram exploradas variáveis relativas ao perfil antropométrico, glicêmico, lipídico e inflamatório basal. Após as culturas de sangue serem estimuladas com lipopolissacarídeo, foram dosadas as concentrações de nitrato, atividade da enzima catalase e IL-10. A evolução clínica foi estudada por desenvolvimento não experimental do tipo coorte, em que foram avaliadas as características sociodemográficas, clínicas, laboratoriais e relativas à internação em uma UTI. Ambos os delineamentos incluíram grupos de pacientes: não diabéticos e diabéticos. No delineamento experimental 25 pacientes compuseram cada grupo. Observou-se diferenças estatísticas significantes em relação a idade, a presença e o número de comorbidades e os níveis de LDL, glicemia, Hb1Ac, concentrações de nitrato e nitrito basal. Nas culturas não se obsersou diferenças entre os grupos. No estudo de coorte, cada grupo foi composto por 102 pacientes. Os números de óbitos e de comorbidades, a gravidade/prognóstico na admissão e os índices glicêmicos foram mais elevados em pacientes diabéticos quando comparados com pacientes não diabéticos com sepse. O perfil inflamatório e metabólico basal difere em pacientes diabéticos e não diabéticos, mas a hipótese de que o DM2 influencia na resposta inflamatória não foi comprovada, entretanto, a evolução clínica foi diferente entre os grupos, com piores resultados para aqueles com DM2

Sepsis is manifested by a set of physiological reactions of the body that occur in an unregulated manner in response to an infection. Mortality from this syndrome is approximately 60%, depending on the severity of clinical manifestations. In Intensive Care Units (ICU), at least 30% of beds are occupied by patients with sepsis and it is estimated that after this worsening, there is an increase in morbidity and risk of death. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) is a comorbidity present in 20% of patients with sepsis. Diabetes affects 415 million people worldwide, with expectations of increased prevalence in the coming years. It is believed that diabetics are more susceptible to infections and present differences in the body's defenses, such as reduction of leukocyte phagocytosis, increase in serum levels of alpha tumor necrosis factor, which may lead to more persistent inflammation, especially in the face of sepsis. The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of the inflammatory response in whole blood culture and the clinical evolution of diabetics and non-diabetics patients with sepsis. The inflammatory response was analyzed by experimental design, in ex vivo cultures of whole blood. Variables related to anthropometric, glycemic, lipidic and basal inflammatory profile were explored. After blood cultures were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, nitrate concentrations, catalase enzyme activity and IL-10 were measured. The clinical evolution was studied by non-experimental cohort development, in which sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory and ICU-related characteristics were evaluated. Both designs included groups of patients: non-diabetic and diabetic. In the experimental design, 25 patients composed each group. Significant statistical differences were observed regarding age, presence and number of comorbidities and levels of LDL, glycemia, Hb1Ac, nitrate and basal nitrite concentrations. No differences between the groups were observed in the cultures. In the cohort study, each group was composed of 102 patients. The number of deaths and comorbidities, the severity/prognosis at admission and the glycemic indexes were higher in diabetic patients when compared to non-diabetic patients with sepsis. The basal inflammatory and metabolic profile differs in diabetic and non diabetic patients, but the hypothesis that DM2 influences the inflammatory response was not proven, however, clinical evolution was different between the groups, with worse results for those with T2DM

CONHECIMENTO DO ENFERMEIRO SOBRE O CHOQUE SÉPTICO / NURSES' KNOWLEDGE ON SEPTIC SHOCK / CONOCIMIENTO DELENFERMERO SOBREELSHOCK SÉPTICO

O choque séptico é uma condição clínica decorrente do agravamento da resposta orgânica à sepse, associado à alta mortalidade. A equipe de enfermagem tem sido alvo de estudos sobre identificação precoce dos sinais e sintomas de sepse e choque séptico a fim de modificar estes índices. Objetivou-se identificar o conhecimento dos enfermeiros que atuam em um hospital, acercado choque séptico. Método: estudo descritivo, transversal com tratamento quantitativo dos dados, realizado em um hospital público de grande porte localizado no sul do estado de São Paulo. Um instrumento contendo as variáveis relativas ao choque séptico foi aplicado para o atendimento do objetivo. Quarenta e um enfermeiros responderam ao instrumento, entre os quais mais de 80% conheciam os sinais e sintomas: infecção documentada, febre, elevação da frequência cardíaca. Entre as respostas negativas: 31,7% não sabiam sobre a suspeita de infecção; 26,8% sobre a hiperglicemia; e 34,1% sobre a elevação da saturação de oxigênio no sangue venoso misto. Observaram-se fragilidades no conhecimento dos enfermeiros sobre algumas variáveis relativas ao choque séptico. É necessário encorajar o desenvolvimento de programas de educação destinados à atualização do profissional, visando à melhoria da qualidade da assistência e, consequentemente, nas condições de saúde do paciente.[AU]

Septic shock is a clinical condition caused by the worsening of the organic response to sepsis associated with high mortality. Nursing teams have been the target of studies on early identification of signs and symptoms of sepsis and septic shock in order to modify these indices. To identify the knowledge of nurses working in a hospital about septic shock. Descriptive method, cross-sectional study with quantitative treatment of data, performed in a large public hospital located in the south of the state of São Paulo. An instrument containing variables related to septic shock was applied to meet the objective. Forty-one nurses answered the instrument. More than 80% knew the signs and symptoms: documented infection, fever, increased heart rate. Among the negative responses: 31.7% did not have knowledge of suspected infection; 26.8% of hyperglycemia; and 34.1% of increased oxygen saturation in mixed venous blood. There were flaws in the knowledge of nurses about some variables related to septic shock. It is necessary to encourage the development of education programs aimed at updating the knowledge of professionals, and improving the quality of care and, consequently, the patient's health conditions.[AU]

El shock séptico es una condición clínica resultante del agravio de la respuesta orgánica a la sepsis, asociado a la alta mortalidad. El equipo de enfermería ha sido objeto de estudios sobre identificación precoz de las señales y síntomas de sepsis y shock séptico a fin de modificar estos índices. El Objetivo fue identificar el conocimiento de los enfermeros que actúan en un hospital, acerca del shock séptico. Estudio descriptivo, transversal con tratamiento cuantitativo de los datos, realizado en un hospital público de gran tamaño ubicado en el sur del estado de São Paulo-Brasil. Un instrumento conteniendo las variables relativas al shock séptico fue aplicado para el cumplimiento del objetivo. Cuarenta y uno enfermeros respondieron al instrumento, entre los que más de 80% conocían las señales y los síntomas: infección documentada, fiebre, elevación de la frecuencia cardíaca. Entre las respuestas negativas: 31,7% no sabían sobre la sospecha de infección; 26,8% sobre la hiperglucemia; y 34,1% sobre la elevación de la saturación venosa mixta de oxígeno en la sangre. Se observaron fragilidades en el conocimiento de los enfermeros sobre algunas variables relativas al shock séptico. Es necesario fomentar el desarrollo de programas de educación dirigidos a la actualización del profesional, con vistas a la mejoría de la calidad de la asistencia y, consecuentemente, en las condiciones de salud del paciente.[AU]

Associação entre o acolhimento com classificação de risco, desfecho clínico e o escore Mews / Association between reception with risk classification, clinical outcome and the Mews Score / Asociación entre la acogida con clasificación de riesgo, el desenlace clínico y la puntuación Mews

OBJETIVO: verificar a associação entre a classificação de risco, o escore de MEWS e o desfecho clínico do paciente atendido em uma unidade de urgência e emergência. MÉTODO: trata-se de estudo transversal, de abordagem quantitativa, o qual foi realizado em uma unidade de urgência e emergência de um hospital privado do interior paulista. A coleta dos dados ocorreu entre os meses de julho de 2014 e junho de 2015, com amostra de 1.674 prontuários de pacientes que buscaram atendimento clínico. RESULTADOS: dos prontuários avaliados, 65% eram de pacientes do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 42 anos, queixa mais frequente relacionada ao trato digestório (14,8%). A maioria dos pacientes atendidos foi classificada como pouco urgente (verde) 91,2%. Na análise dos desfechos, 98,7% receberam alta após atendimento médico, tendo como prevalente a classificação não urgente. Dos pacientes encaminhados à internação, 59,1% foram classificados como emergentes/urgentes. Ao relacionar a classificação de risco com o escore de alerta precoce (MEWS), observa-se uma pontuação superior nos pacientes classificados como emergentes/urgentes, sendo que os pacientes internados obtiveram pontuação maior dos que foram liberados de alta. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: os resultados demonstraram que a classificação de risco foi efetiva em definir a prioridade de atendimento e prever o desfecho em uma unidade de urgência e emergência.

Objective: to verify the association between the risk classification, the MEWS score and the clinical outcome of patients assisted in an urgency and emergency unit. Method: this is a cross-sectional study with quantitative approach conducted in an urgency and emergency unit of a private hospital in the countryside of São Paulo. Data collection took place between July 2014 and June 2015, with a sample of 1674 medical records of patients that sought clinical care. Results: of the assessed medical records, 65% were of female patients, with an average age of 42 years, and the most common complaints were related to the digestive tract (14.8%). Most of the treated patients were classified as less urgent (green), 91.2%. As for outcomes, 98.7% were discharged after medical care, with a prevalence of the non-urgent classification. Of the patients referred for hospitalization, 59.1% were classified as emergent/urgent. When relating the risk classification with the Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS), we noted a higher score in patients classified as emergent/ urgent, where the admitted patients obtained a score higher than those who were discharged. Final Considerations: the results showed that risk classification was effective in defining priorities of care and foreseeing the outcome in an urgent and emergency unit.

Acurácia e confiabilidade na medida da glicemia em pacientes críticos adultos: revisão integrativa / Accuracy and reliability in glycemia monitoring in adult critically ill patients: an integrative review

A mensuração fidedigna da glicemia no paciente crítico é essencial para a assistência segura. Vieses na medição podem resultar na obtenção de valores imprecisos, levando a equipe a interpretar equivocadamente os resultados, modificando erroneamente as condutas terapêuticas. Neste estudo, objetivou-se buscar na literatura a produção existente sobre os fatores relacionados a acurácia e a confiabilidade das medidas de glicemia de pacientes assistidos em UTI, por meio de busca nas bases de dados Cinahl, Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. As evidências de 18 artigos que versavam sobre a acurácia e a confiabilidade da verificação da glicemia, mostraram aspectos como: método de mensuração, tipo de amostra, características do paciente crítico e manuseio do aparelho. A equipe deve ponderar sobre as vantagens e limitações de cada método considerando a sua realidade e a segurança do paciente.

Reliable glycemia monitoring in critically ill patients is essential to safe care. Biases in measurements may result in imprecise values, causing healthcare teams to interpret results mistakenly and change therapeutic conducts toward improper directions. The aim of the present study was to search for the scientific production about factors related to accuracy and reliability of glycemia monitoring in patients admitted to intensive care units by consulting the CINAHL, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Virtual Health Library databases. Evidence from 18 papers that addressed accuracy and reliability in glycemia monitoring revealed aspects such as measurement method, sample type, characteristics of critically patients and equipment handling. Healthcare teams should consider the advantages and drawbacks of each method, taking into account their care realities and patient safety.