Gastrointestinal helminths in dogs: occurrence, risk factors, and multiple antiparasitic drug resistance.

Helminth infections are detrimental to the overall health of dogs; therefore, this study aimed to identify antiparasitic-resistant helminths and evaluate the infection rate and risk factors for parasitism in canines. For this purpose, a parasitological evaluation of 38 randomly selected animals was performed, followed by the evaluation of the anthelminthic efficacy of three drugs: pyrantel pamoate with praziquantel (Canex Composto®), fenbendazole (Fenzol Pet®), and milbemycin oxime with praziquantel (Milbemax C®). Among the evaluated animals, 22/38 (57.89%) tested negative and 16/38 (42.71%) tested positive for Ancylostoma caninum infection. Evaluation of the efficacy of antiparasitic drugs showed that 12/16 (75%) dogs were infected with helminths that were susceptible to pyrantel pamoate with praziquantel. Among those for which pyrantel pamoate with praziquantel was not effective, 3/4 (75%) were susceptible to fenbendazole, while the remaining case resistant to both pyrantel pamoate with praziquantel and fenbendazole was sensitive to milbemycin oxime with praziquantel (100%). The odds ratio of infection in dogs inhabiting environments containing soil or grass was 6.67 times higher than that in dogs inhabiting impermeable environments. Mixed-breed dogs (SRD) were 6.54 times more likely to be infected compared to purebred dogs. A. caninum resistant to pyrantel pamoate with praziquantel (4/16, 25%) and fenbendazole (1/4, 25%) were detected. The results of this study demonstrated the importance of coproparasitological monitoring by professionals before and after treatments to assess antiparasitic drug effectiveness, ensure animal health and welfare, and minimize animal exposure to risk factors.

Abortion outbreak in a sheep flock caused by Toxoplasma gondii clonal type III.

Toxoplasma gondii is a major cause of reproductive losses in small ruminants in several countries. We describe here an outbreak of T. gondii-associated abortion in sheep in Southern Brazil. The flock was comprised of 55 adult sheep, and late-term abortions and stillbirths were detected in 15/36 (41.66%) gestating ewes. Serum samples collected from 45 sheep were tested for T. gondii through indirect immunofluorescence assay; IgM and IgG positive results were detected in 44.44% (20/45) and 86.67% (39/45) of the cases, respectively. Four fetuses and two placentas were pathologically evaluated. Gross changes were restricted to fetal membranes and were characterized by multifocal white areas in the cotyledons. Microscopically, these areas corresponded to necrotic foci affecting the chorionic epithelium accompanied by rare cysts of T. gondii. The main histological change in fetal tissues consisted of well-demarked and sparsely distributed necrotic foci in the central nervous system. Tissue samples from all four fetuses and one placenta had positive PCR results for T. gondii. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) genotyping using ten markers (SAG1, 5'-3'SAG2, alt.SAG2, SGA3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, and PK1) was carried out on one sample, and results were consistent with T. gondii clonal type III (ToxoDB-PCR-RFLP genotype #2, TgCpBr4).

Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in placentas of women who received therapy during gestation in a toxoplasmosis outbreak.

Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by T. gondii, a protozoa which affects humans and animals and is widely distributed worldwide. In humans, there is great concern due to the serious consequences that can occur in the infection of pregnant women and the newborn. The early diagnosis of gestational toxoplasmosis is important for treatment to be carried out in order to prevent vertical transmission or reduce damage. The diagnosis can be made through the detection of antibodies in pregnant women or neonates and PCR of amniotic fluid. Previous studies have also reported PCR of the placenta as a good diagnostic test. Our study evaluated the detection of T. gondii DNA in placenta samples from parturients seen at the University Hospital of Santa Maria, Southern Brazil and treated during the pregnancy. We performed PCR in forty samples and five were positive, representing 12.5%. When correlating the treatment time and the detection of DNA in the placentas, no significant result was found. The prevalence of positive samples was lower than in other studies in the literature. The data reaffirm the importance of carrying out the analysis of the placenta.

Balantidium coli in Pigs of Distinct Animal Husbandry Categories and Different Hygienic-Sanitary Standards in the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Background: Balantidium coli is a commensal protozoan that infects several animals, but it has pigs as its natural reservoir. In the presence of predisposing factors, B. coli can become pathogenic for swine, causing enteric lesions. Infections determined by this protozoan may be a risk to public health, due to dysentery in animal keepers and veterinarians. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of infection by B. coli in pigs of distinct husbandry categories, as well as unlike physiological state, kept in farms with different hygienic-sanitary standards, located in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul State in Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Stool samples were collected from 12 different farms with different hygienic-sanitary standards being four farms of finisher pigs (G1; n = 287), four farms with pregnant females (G2; n = 60) and four farms with lactation sows (G3;  n = 40), and all samples were submitted to coproparasitological analyses to verify the presence of cysts or trophozoites of B. coli. The infection levels were considered mild (1-100 cyst/trophozoite), moderate (101300 cyst/trophozoite) and high (>300 cysts/trophozoite). In addition, information about hygienic-sanitary conditions of each farm was collected. The occurrence of B. coli infection in all swine stool samples analyzed was 60.9% (236/387); however, in G1, G2 and G3 was 54.7% (157/287)

Balantidium coli in Pigs of Distinct Animal Husbandry Categories and Different Hygienic-Sanitary Standards in the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Background: Balantidium coli is a commensal protozoan that infects several animals, but it has pigs as its natural reservoir. In the presence of predisposing factors, B. coli can become pathogenic for swine, causing enteric lesions. Infections determined by this protozoan may be a risk to public health, due to dysentery in animal keepers and veterinarians. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of infection by B. coli in pigs of distinct husbandry categories, as well as unlike physiological state, kept in farms with different hygienic-sanitary standards, located in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul State in Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Stool samples were collected from 12 different farms with different hygienic-sanitary standards being four farms of finisher pigs (G1; n = 287), four farms with pregnant females (G2; n = 60) and four farms with lactation sows (G3;  n = 40), and all samples were submitted to coproparasitological analyses to verify the presence of cysts or trophozoites of B. coli. The infection levels were considered mild (1-100 cyst/trophozoite), moderate (101300 cyst/trophozoite) and high (>300 cysts/trophozoite). In addition, information about hygienic-sanitary conditions of each farm was collected. The occurrence of B. coli infection in all swine stool samples analyzed was 60.9% (236/387); however, in G1, G2 and G3 was 54.7% (157/287)

Balantidium coli in Pigs of Distinct Animal Husbandry Categories and Different Hygienic-Sanitary Standards in the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Background: Balantidium coli is a commensal protozoan that infects several animals, but it has pigs as its natural reservoir. In the presence of predisposing factors, B. coli can become pathogenic for swine, causing enteric lesions. Infections determined by this protozoan may be a risk to public health, due to dysentery in animal keepers and veterinarians. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of infection by B. coli in pigs of distinct husbandry categories, as well as unlike physiological state, kept in farms with different hygienic-sanitary standards, located in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul State in Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Stool samples were collected from 12 different farms with different hygienic-sanitary standards being four farms of finisher pigs (G1; n = 287), four farms with pregnant females (G2; n = 60) and four farms with lactation sows (G3;  n = 40), and all samples were submitted to coproparasitological analyses to verify the presence of cysts or trophozoites of B. coli. The infection levels were considered mild (1-100 cyst/trophozoite), moderate (101300 cyst/trophozoite) and high (>300 cysts/trophozoite). In addition, information about hygienic-sanitary conditions of each farm was collected. The occurrence of B. coli infection in all swine stool samples analyzed was 60.9% (236/387); however, in G1, G2 and G3 was 54.7% (157/287)

Balantidium coli in Pigs of Distinct Animal Husbandry Categories and Different Hygienic-Sanitary Standards in the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Background: Balantidium coli is a commensal protozoan that infects several animals, but it has pigs as its natural reservoir. In the presence of predisposing factors, B. coli can become pathogenic for swine, causing enteric lesions. Infections determined by this protozoan may be a risk to public health, due to dysentery in animal keepers and veterinarians. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of infection by B. coli in pigs of distinct husbandry categories, as well as unlike physiological state, kept in farms with different hygienic-sanitary standards, located in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul State in Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Stool samples were collected from 12 different farms with different hygienic-sanitary standards being four farms of finisher pigs (G1; n = 287), four farms with pregnant females (G2; n = 60) and four farms with lactation sows (G3;  n = 40), and all samples were submitted to coproparasitological analyses to verify the presence of cysts or trophozoites of B. coli. The infection levels were considered mild (1-100 cyst/trophozoite), moderate (101300 cyst/trophozoite) and high (>300 cysts/trophozoite). In addition, information about hygienic-sanitary conditions of each farm was collected. The occurrence of B. coli infection in all swine stool samples analyzed was 60.9% (236/387); however, in G1, G2 and G3 was 54.7% (157/287)

Balantidium coli in Pigs of Distinct Animal Husbandry Categories and Different Hygienic-Sanitary Standards in the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Background: Balantidium coli is a commensal protozoan that infects several animals, but it has pigs as its natural reservoir. In the presence of predisposing factors, B. coli can become pathogenic for swine, causing enteric lesions. Infections determined by this protozoan may be a risk to public health, due to dysentery in animal keepers and veterinarians. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of infection by B. coli in pigs of distinct husbandry categories, as well as unlike physiological state, kept in farms with different hygienic-sanitary standards, located in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul State in Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Stool samples were collected from 12 different farms with different hygienic-sanitary standards being four farms of finisher pigs (G1; n = 287), four farms with pregnant females (G2; n = 60) and four farms with lactation sows (G3;  n = 40), and all samples were submitted to coproparasitological analyses to verify the presence of cysts or trophozoites of B. coli. The infection levels were considered mild (1-100 cyst/trophozoite), moderate (101300 cyst/trophozoite) and high (>300 cysts/trophozoite). In addition, information about hygienic-sanitary conditions of each farm was collected. The occurrence of B. coli infection in all swine stool samples analyzed was 60.9% (236/387); however, in G1, G2 and G3 was 54.7% (157/287)

Balantidium coli in Pigs of Distinct Animal Husbandry Categories and Different Hygienic-Sanitary Standards in the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Background: Balantidium coli is a commensal protozoan that infects several animals, but it has pigs as its natural reservoir. In the presence of predisposing factors, B. coli can become pathogenic for swine, causing enteric lesions. Infections determined by this protozoan may be a risk to public health, due to dysentery in animal keepers and veterinarians. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of infection by B. coli in pigs of distinct husbandry categories, as well as unlike physiological state, kept in farms with different hygienic-sanitary standards, located in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul State in Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Stool samples were collected from 12 different farms with different hygienic-sanitary standards being four farms of finisher pigs (G1; n = 287), four farms with pregnant females (G2; n = 60) and four farms with lactation sows (G3;  n = 40), and all samples were submitted to coproparasitological analyses to verify the presence of cysts or trophozoites of B. coli. The infection levels were considered mild (1-100 cyst/trophozoite), moderate (101300 cyst/trophozoite) and high (>300 cysts/trophozoite). In addition, information about hygienic-sanitary conditions of each farm was collected. The occurrence of B. coli infection in all swine stool samples analyzed was 60.9% (236/387); however, in G1, G2 and G3 was 54.7% (157/287)

Efeito do óleo de eucalipto (Corymbia citriodora) no controle do carrapato bovino

This research was aimed at evaluating in vitro and in vivo effects of eucalyptus (Corymbia citriodora) oil on cattle ticks (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus). Negative control group and eight concentrations of eucalyptus oil (0.5; 1; 2; 5; 10; 20; 50; 100%), were used on in vitro trials with engorged female ticks. The efficacy of control ticks was 0; 30.5; 75.5; 91; 100; 100; 100; 100 and 100%, respectively. At the in vivo trial eighteen Holstein cows were allocated to three groups (negative control, eucalyptus oil at 3.5% - level estimated by regression analysis, accounting for 95% efficacy of control ticks on in vitro trial and amitraz at 0.025%). Engorged female ticks were counted before (mean of days -3, -2, -1) and after treatment (1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 days). The efficacy control tick was 0; 96.4 and 69%, respectively, at 21 days after treatment. On the 1st and 2nd milked after treatments, physiologic variables were evaluate and milk samples were collected to evaluate organoleptic properties in milk and yoghurt (negative control x phytotherapic treatment). Similar results were found with sensorial acceptance test of milk and physiologic variables.

Esta pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito in vitro e in vivo do óleo de eucalipto (Corymbia citriodora) sobre o carrapato bovino (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus). Na experimentação in vitro, foi utilizado o grupo controle negativo e oito concentrações de óleo de eucalipto (0,5; 1; 2; 5; 10; 20; 50; 100%), em fêmeas ingurgitadas de carrapato. A eficácia de controle foi de 0; 30,5; 75,5; 91; 100; 100; 100; 100 e 100%, respectivamente. Para a experimentação in vivo, foram constituídos três grupos (controle negativo; óleo de eucalipto a 3,5% - nível estimado mediante análise de regressão, correspondendo a 95% de eficácia de controle do carrapato da pesquisa in vitro e amitraz a 0,025%), com dezoito vacas da raça Holandesa. Antes (média dos dias -3, -2,-1) e após a aplicação do produto (1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21dias), foram contadas fêmeas ingurgitadas de carrapato. A eficácia de controle foi de 0; 96,4 e 69%, respectivamente, 21 dias após o tratamento. Na 1ª e na 2ª ordenha após a aplicação dos tratamentos, foram avaliadas variáveis fisiológicas e coletadas amostras de leite para avaliar as propriedades organolépticas no leite e no iogurte (controle negativo x tratamento fitoterápico). O teste de aceitação sensorial do leite e das variáveis fisiológicas avaliadas foram similares entre os tratamentos.

Efeito do óleo de eucalipto (Corymbia citriodora) no controle do carrapato bovino

This research was aimed at evaluating in vitro and in vivo effects of eucalyptus (Corymbia citriodora) oil on cattle ticks (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus). Negative control group and eight concentrations of eucalyptus oil (0.5; 1; 2; 5; 10; 20; 50; 100%), were used on in vitro trials with engorged female ticks. The efficacy of control ticks was 0; 30.5; 75.5; 91; 100; 100; 100; 100 and 100%, respectively. At the in vivo trial eighteen Holstein cows were allocated to three groups (negative control, eucalyptus oil at 3.5% - level estimated by regression analysis, accounting for 95% efficacy of control ticks on in vitro trial and amitraz at 0.025%). Engorged female ticks were counted before (mean of days -3, -2, -1) and after treatment (1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 days). The efficacy control tick was 0; 96.4 and 69%, respectively, at 21 days after treatment. On the 1st and 2nd milked after treatments, physiologic variables were evaluate and milk samples were collected to evaluate organoleptic properties in milk and yoghurt (negative control x phytotherapic treatment). Similar results were found with sensorial acceptance test of milk and physiologic variables.

Esta pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito in vitro e in vivo do óleo de eucalipto (Corymbia citriodora) sobre o carrapato bovino (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus). Na experimentação in vitro, foi utilizado o grupo controle negativo e oito concentrações de óleo de eucalipto (0,5; 1; 2; 5; 10; 20; 50; 100%), em fêmeas ingurgitadas de carrapato. A eficácia de controle foi de 0; 30,5; 75,5; 91; 100; 100; 100; 100 e 100%, respectivamente. Para a experimentação in vivo, foram constituídos três grupos (controle negativo; óleo de eucalipto a 3,5% - nível estimado mediante análise de regressão, correspondendo a 95% de eficácia de controle do carrapato da pesquisa in vitro e amitraz a 0,025%), com dezoito vacas da raça Holandesa. Antes (média dos dias -3, -2,-1) e após a aplicação do produto (1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21dias), foram contadas fêmeas ingurgitadas de carrapato. A eficácia de controle foi de 0; 96,4 e 69%, respectivamente, 21 dias após o tratamento. Na 1ª e na 2ª ordenha após a aplicação dos tratamentos, foram avaliadas variáveis fisiológicas e coletadas amostras de leite para avaliar as propriedades organolépticas no leite e no iogurte (controle negativo x tratamento fitoterápico). O teste de aceitação sensorial do leite e das variáveis fisiológicas avaliadas foram similares entre os tratamentos.

Occurrence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in rheas (Rhea americana) and ostriches (Struthio camelus) from farms of different Brazilian regions

This study aimed to verify the occurrence of antibodies againstToxoplasma gondii in rheas (Rhea americana) and ostriches (Struthio camelus) commercially breeding in Brazil. Blood samples from 20 rheas and 46 ostriches (young and adults) were serologically tested using a technique known as modified agglutination test (MAT) at an initial titration of 1:16 for ostriches and 1:25 for rheas. Antibodies against T. gondii were found in 50% (10/20) of the rheas, with titers ranging from 1:25 to 1:6,400. The incidence of antibodies against T. gondii in ostriches was 17.4% (8/46) with titers ranging from 1:16 to 1:256. Birds showing titers higher than 1:200 forT. gondii were mainly the young ones. Therefore, rheas and ostriches may be parasitized by T. gondii, showing high levels of antibodies against this parasite.

Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a presença de anticorpos contra o Toxoplasma gondii em emas (Rhea americana) e avestruzes (Struthio camelus) criados comercialmente no Brasil. Amostras de sangue de 20 emas e 46 avestruzes (jovens e adultos) foram testadas sorologicamente pela técnica conhecida como teste de aglutinação modificada (MAT) em titulações iniciais de 1:16 para avestruzes e 1:25 para emas. Anticorpos contra T. gondii foram encontrados em 50% (10/20) das emas com títulos variando de 1:25 a 1:6.400. A incidência de anticorpos contra T. gondii em avestruzes foi de 17,4% (8/46) com os títulos oscilando entre 1:16 e 1:256. Aves jovens foram aquelas que apresentaram títulos superiores a 1:200 para T. gondii. Portanto, emas e avestruzes podem ser parasitados por T. gondii, apresentando elevados níveis de anticorpos contra o parasita.

Essential basil oil effect (Ocimum basilicum L.) on cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in in vitro experiments / Efeito do óleo essencial de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) sobre o carrapato bovino Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus em ensaios in vitro

The excessive use of acaricidal products induces environmental and human contamination, whereas there is also the selection of resistant ticks strains. Most of the chemical acaricides available in the market have low efficacy due intensive use and inadequate management of treatments. Thus, ecologically viable alternatives for the ticks control is a promising area of research. Herbal medicine has as fundamental issue the study of medicinal plants and their use in the control and treatment of human and animal diseases. This experiment has evaluated the in vitro efficacy of Ocimum basilicum essential oil on engorded teleogines of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Six concentrations of the oil (1; 5; 10; 25, 50; 100%) were tested, diluted in distilled water, using the engorged female immersion test. The inhibition of oviposition were 10; 26; 26; 33; 100 and 100%, the egg hatch were 75; 60; 80; 45; 0 and 0%, and the effectiveness of treatment 28; 38; 36; 62; 100 and 100%, respectively. The statistic evaluation was done by the linear regression test, and it was observed a significant association between the concentration of the oil and the inhibition of oviposition, egg hatch and effectiveness. The oil at 25% had higher than 50% of effectiveness, and at 50 and 100% had total inhibition of oviposition with maximum efficiency. According to the results, it is possible to conclude t

O uso excessivo de acaricidas predispõe a contaminação do meio ambiente, do homem e estimula a seleção de cepas de carrapatos resistentes. A maioria dos acaricidas químicos disponíveis no mercado apresenta eficácia reduzida devido ao intenso uso e manejo inadequado dos tratamentos. Sendo assim, alternativas ecologicamente viáveis utilizadas no controle dos carrapatos é uma área de pesquisa promissora. A fitoterapia tem como fundamento o estudo de plantas medicinais, assim como sua utilização no controle e tratamento de enfermidades tanto na área humana quanto na animal. Neste experimento foi avaliado o efeito in vitro do óleo essencial de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum) sobre fêmeas ingurgitadas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Para isso foram testadas 6 concentrações do óleo de manjericão (1; 5; 10; 25, 50; 100%), diluído em água destilada, seguindo a metodologia do exame de biocarrapaticidograma. Perante os resultados foi observada inibição de postura de 10; 26; 26; 33; 100 e 100%, eclosão larval de 75; 60; 80; 45; 0 e 0% e a eficiência do tratamento de 28; 38; 36; 62; 100 e 100%, respectivamente. A avaliação estatística foi realizada pela análise de regressão linear, onde foi constatada associação significativa entre a concentração do óleo e a inibição de postura, eclosão larval e eficiência do tratamento. O óleo de manjericão á 25% obteve acima de 50% de eficiência, e

Effect of different concentrations of citronella oil and tincture on reproductive parameters of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus teleogines / Efeito de diferentes concentrações de óleo e tintura de citronela sobre os parâmetros reprodutivos de teleóginas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

The tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is the most important ectoparasite in cattle rising, and it is responsible for severe economic losses. Parasite control is based on chemicals, which are used indiscriminately and result in effectiveness reduction of these compounds. In order to delay the onset of parasite resistance, some alternative methods are being researched, including herbal medicine. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) oil and tincture on R. (B) microplus by the engorged female immersion test. Four oil concentrations were tested (1; 25; 50; 100%) and the inhibition of oviposition were 16; 40; 53; 73%, egg hatch were 28; 16; 23; 6% and the effectiveness were 78; 100; 86; 98%, respectively. The gradual rise of the inhibition of oviposition and low egg hatch had a positive influence in the effectiveness of treatment. The solution at 1% of citronella oil had a partial control of the teleogines and the solution at 25% had 100% of effectiveness. Six dilutions of the tincture (1; 5; 10; 25; 50; 100%) were tested and the inhibition of oviposition were 10; 63; 80; 83; 86; 96%, egg hatch were 91; 31; 6; 26; 0; 0% and the effectiveness were 23; 93; 94; 97; 100; 100%, respectively. Most of the treatments with the citronella tincture had inhibition of oviposition higher than 80% and low egg hatch rate. The tinct

O carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é o ectoparasito mais importante em áreas de exploração pecuária, sendo responsável por severas perdas econômicas. O controle deste parasito é feito através de produtos químicos, que são utilizados de forma indiscriminada e resultam na redução da eficiência destes compostos. A fim de retardar o aparecimento da resistência parasitária, alguns métodos de controle alternativo vêm sendo pesquisados, entre eles a fitoterapia. O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar a eficiência in vitro do óleo e da tintura de citronela (Cymbopogon nardus) sobre fêmeas ingurgitadas de R. (B) microplus seguindo a metodologia do exame de biocarrapaticidograma. Para isto foram testadas 4 diluições do óleo (1; 25; 50 e 100%), sendo que a inibição de postura foi de 16; 40; 53 e 73%, a eclosão larval de 28; 16; 23 e 6% e a eficácia de 78; 100; 86 e 98%, respectivamente. O gradativo aumento da inibição da postura e a baixa eclosão larval influenciaram positivamente na eficiência dos tratamentos. A solução do óleo a 1% apresentou controle parcial das teleóginas e a solução a 25% apresentou 100% de eficiência. Foram testadas 6 diluições da tintura de citronela (1; 5; 10; 25; 50 e 100%), sendo que a inibição da postura foi de 10; 63; 80; 83; 86 e 96%, a eclosão larval de 91; 31; 6; 26; 0 e 0% e a eficácia de 23; 93; 94; 97; 100 e 100%, respectivamente. A maiori

Water immersion effect on reproductive parameters of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks / Efeito da imersão em água destilada sobre os parâmetros reprodutivos de teleóginas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

The tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is an important parasite in the cattle raising field due to the economic losses it causes to Brazilian herds. This parasite has two stages of life, a parasitic stage that takes place in the host body and a free-living stage that takes place on soil and vegetation. The water accumulation on the soil has a strong influence in the biology of the Ixodidae, as well as other factors such as temperature and relative humidity. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the possible deleterious effect of water immersion in controlled conditions of R. microplus females. For that, the teleogines were immersed in water for 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108 and 120 hours, according to the treatment. After this part, the ticks were taken to an incubator to finish the egg-laying and hatching. After 30 hours of water immersion, the teleogines had done the egg-laying, however more them half of the eggs did not hatch. After 48h, half of the ticks had done the laying and the hatching rate was lower than 31%. After 84h, there were no more hatching and the treatment had 100% efficacy. After analyzing the results, we can conclude that water immersion for more than 2 hours have a negative effect on cattle ticks reproduction parameters, through alterations in the egg-laying and in the hatching.

O carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é um parasita de destaque na pecuária brasileira devido às perdas econômicas causadas ao rebanho bovino. Este parasito apresenta duas fases de vida, uma fase parasitária que ocorre no corpo do hospedeiro e uma fase de vida livre que ocorre no solo e vegetação. O acúmulo de água no solo influencia na biologia dos ixodídeos, além de outros fatores fundamentais como a temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar. Este experimento teve a intenção de investigar a ação deletéria da imersão em água, em condições controladas, de fêmeas de R. microplus. Para isso, as teleóginas permaneceram imersas em água por 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108 e 120 horas conforme tratamento, sendo posteriormente colocadas em uma estufa climatizada para verificação da postura de ovos e eclosão das larvas. Foi observado que em um período de até 30h de imersão, as teleóginas realizaram postura, no entanto mais de 50% ovos não eclodiram. Após 48h, foi observado a postura em mais de 50% das fêmeas e a taxa de eclosão larval foi inferior a 31%. A partir de 84h não houve mais eclosão larval e o tratamento atingiu 100% de eficiência. Com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que a imersão em água por um período superior a 2 horas possui efeito negativo nos parâmetros reprodutivos do carrapato bovino, através de alterações na postura e na ecl

Water immersion effect on reproductive parameters of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks / Efeito da imersão em água destilada sobre os parâmetros reprodutivos de teleóginas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

The tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is an important parasite in the cattle raising field due to the economic losses it causes to Brazilian herds. This parasite has two stages of life, a parasitic stage that takes place in the host body and a free-living stage that takes place on soil and vegetation. The water accumulation on the soil has a strong influence in the biology of the Ixodidae, as well as other factors such as temperature and relative humidity. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the possible deleterious effect of water immersion in controlled conditions of R. microplus females. For that, the teleogines were immersed in water for 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108 and 120 hours, according to the treatment. After this part, the ticks were taken to an incubator to finish the egg-laying and hatching. After 30 hours of water immersion, the teleogines had done the egg-laying, however more them half of the eggs did not hatch. After 48h, half of the ticks had done the laying and the hatching rate was lower than 31%. After 84h, there were no more hatching and the treatment had 100% efficacy. After analyzing the results, we can conclude that water immersion for more than 2 hours have a negative effect on cattle ticks reproduction parameters, through alterations in the egg-laying and in the hatching.

O carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é um parasita de destaque na pecuária brasileira devido às perdas econômicas causadas ao rebanho bovino. Este parasito apresenta duas fases de vida, uma fase parasitária que ocorre no corpo do hospedeiro e uma fase de vida livre que ocorre no solo e vegetação. O acúmulo de água no solo influencia na biologia dos ixodídeos, além de outros fatores fundamentais como a temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar. Este experimento teve a intenção de investigar a ação deletéria da imersão em água, em condições controladas, de fêmeas de R. microplus. Para isso, as teleóginas permaneceram imersas em água por 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108 e 120 horas conforme tratamento, sendo posteriormente colocadas em uma estufa climatizada para verificação da postura de ovos e eclosão das larvas. Foi observado que em um período de até 30h de imersão, as teleóginas realizaram postura, no entanto mais de 50% ovos não eclodiram. Após 48h, foi observado a postura em mais de 50% das fêmeas e a taxa de eclosão larval foi inferior a 31%. A partir de 84h não houve mais eclosão larval e o tratamento atingiu 100% de eficiência. Com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que a imersão em água por um período superior a 2 horas possui efeito negativo nos parâmetros reprodutivos do carrapato bovino, através de alterações na postura e na ecl

Effect of different concentrations of citronella oil and tincture on reproductive parameters of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus teleogines / Efeito de diferentes concentrações de óleo e tintura de citronela sobre os parâmetros reprodutivos de teleóginas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

The tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is the most important ectoparasite in cattle rising, and it is responsible for severe economic losses. Parasite control is based on chemicals, which are used indiscriminately and result in effectiveness reduction of these compounds. In order to delay the onset of parasite resistance, some alternative methods are being researched, including herbal medicine. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) oil and tincture on R. (B) microplus by the engorged female immersion test. Four oil concentrations were tested (1; 25; 50; 100%) and the inhibition of oviposition were 16; 40; 53; 73%, egg hatch were 28; 16; 23; 6% and the effectiveness were 78; 100; 86; 98%, respectively. The gradual rise of the inhibition of oviposition and low egg hatch had a positive influence in the effectiveness of treatment. The solution at 1% of citronella oil had a partial control of the teleogines and the solution at 25% had 100% of effectiveness. Six dilutions of the tincture (1; 5; 10; 25; 50; 100%) were tested and the inhibition of oviposition were 10; 63; 80; 83; 86; 96%, egg hatch were 91; 31; 6; 26; 0; 0% and the effectiveness were 23; 93; 94; 97; 100; 100%, respectively. Most of the treatments with the citronella tincture had inhibition of oviposition higher than 80% and low egg hatch rate. The tinct

O carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é o ectoparasito mais importante em áreas de exploração pecuária, sendo responsável por severas perdas econômicas. O controle deste parasito é feito através de produtos químicos, que são utilizados de forma indiscriminada e resultam na redução da eficiência destes compostos. A fim de retardar o aparecimento da resistência parasitária, alguns métodos de controle alternativo vêm sendo pesquisados, entre eles a fitoterapia. O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar a eficiência in vitro do óleo e da tintura de citronela (Cymbopogon nardus) sobre fêmeas ingurgitadas de R. (B) microplus seguindo a metodologia do exame de biocarrapaticidograma. Para isto foram testadas 4 diluições do óleo (1; 25; 50 e 100%), sendo que a inibição de postura foi de 16; 40; 53 e 73%, a eclosão larval de 28; 16; 23 e 6% e a eficácia de 78; 100; 86 e 98%, respectivamente. O gradativo aumento da inibição da postura e a baixa eclosão larval influenciaram positivamente na eficiência dos tratamentos. A solução do óleo a 1% apresentou controle parcial das teleóginas e a solução a 25% apresentou 100% de eficiência. Foram testadas 6 diluições da tintura de citronela (1; 5; 10; 25; 50 e 100%), sendo que a inibição da postura foi de 10; 63; 80; 83; 86 e 96%, a eclosão larval de 91; 31; 6; 26; 0 e 0% e a eficácia de 23; 93; 94; 97; 100 e 100%, respectivamente. A maiori

Essential basil oil effect (Ocimum basilicum L.) on cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in in vitro experiments / Efeito do óleo essencial de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) sobre o carrapato bovino Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus em ensaios in vitro

The excessive use of acaricidal products induces environmental and human contamination, whereas there is also the selection of resistant ticks strains. Most of the chemical acaricides available in the market have low efficacy due intensive use and inadequate management of treatments. Thus, ecologically viable alternatives for the ticks control is a promising area of research. Herbal medicine has as fundamental issue the study of medicinal plants and their use in the control and treatment of human and animal diseases. This experiment has evaluated the in vitro efficacy of Ocimum basilicum essential oil on engorded teleogines of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Six concentrations of the oil (1; 5; 10; 25, 50; 100%) were tested, diluted in distilled water, using the engorged female immersion test. The inhibition of oviposition were 10; 26; 26; 33; 100 and 100%, the egg hatch were 75; 60; 80; 45; 0 and 0%, and the effectiveness of treatment 28; 38; 36; 62; 100 and 100%, respectively. The statistic evaluation was done by the linear regression test, and it was observed a significant association between the concentration of the oil and the inhibition of oviposition, egg hatch and effectiveness. The oil at 25% had higher than 50% of effectiveness, and at 50 and 100% had total inhibition of oviposition with maximum efficiency. According to the results, it is possible to conclude t

O uso excessivo de acaricidas predispõe a contaminação do meio ambiente, do homem e estimula a seleção de cepas de carrapatos resistentes. A maioria dos acaricidas químicos disponíveis no mercado apresenta eficácia reduzida devido ao intenso uso e manejo inadequado dos tratamentos. Sendo assim, alternativas ecologicamente viáveis utilizadas no controle dos carrapatos é uma área de pesquisa promissora. A fitoterapia tem como fundamento o estudo de plantas medicinais, assim como sua utilização no controle e tratamento de enfermidades tanto na área humana quanto na animal. Neste experimento foi avaliado o efeito in vitro do óleo essencial de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum) sobre fêmeas ingurgitadas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Para isso foram testadas 6 concentrações do óleo de manjericão (1; 5; 10; 25, 50; 100%), diluído em água destilada, seguindo a metodologia do exame de biocarrapaticidograma. Perante os resultados foi observada inibição de postura de 10; 26; 26; 33; 100 e 100%, eclosão larval de 75; 60; 80; 45; 0 e 0% e a eficiência do tratamento de 28; 38; 36; 62; 100 e 100%, respectivamente. A avaliação estatística foi realizada pela análise de regressão linear, onde foi constatada associação significativa entre a concentração do óleo e a inibição de postura, eclosão larval e eficiência do tratamento. O óleo de manjericão á 25% obteve acima de 50% de eficiência, e