Statistical Paradigm for Organic Optoelectronic Devices: Normal Force Testing for Adhesion of Organic Photovoltaics and Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.

In this study, we assess the utility of a normal force (pull-test) approach to measuring adhesion in organic solar cells and organic light-emitting diodes. This approach is a simple and practical method of monitoring the impact of systematic changes in materials, processing conditions, or environmental exposure on interfacial strength and electrode delamination. The ease of measurement enables a statistical description with numerous samples, variant geometry, and minimal preparation. After examining over 70 samples, using the Weibull modulus and the characteristic breaking strength as metrics, we were able to successfully differentiate the adhesion values between 8-tris(hydroxyquinoline aluminum) (Alq3) and poly(3-hexyl-thiophene) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) interfaces with Al and between two annealing times for the bulk heterojunction polymer blends. Additionally, the Weibull modulus, a relative measure of the range of flaw sizes at the fracture plane, can be correlated with the roughness of the organic surface. Finite element modeling of the delamination process suggests that the out-of-plane elastic modulus for Alq3 is lower than the reported in-plane elastic values. We suggest a statistical treatment of a large volume of tests be part of the standard protocol for investigating adhesion to accommodate the unavoidable variability in morphology and interfacial structure found in most organic devices.

Medical, psychological and social features in a large cohort of adults with Prader-Willi syndrome: experience from a dedicated centre in France.

BACKGROUND: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a developmental genetic disorder characterised by a variable expression of medical, cognitive and behavioural symptoms. In adulthood, the prevalence and severity of these symptoms determine the quality of life of the affected persons. Because of their rare disease condition, data on health and social problems in adults with PWS are scarce. In this research, we present medical, psychological and social features of a large cohort of adults admitted to a specialised PWS centre in France and analyse the differences according to genotype, gender and age. METHODS: Data from 154 patients (68 men/86 women), with a median age of 27 years (range 16-54), were collected during their stay in our centre. Clinical histories were completed using information from parents or main caregivers, and the same medical team performed the diagnosis of different clinical conditions. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the influence of factors such as genotype, age or gender. RESULTS: Paternal deletion genotype was the most frequent (65%) at all ages. Most patients had mild or moderate intellectual disability (87%). Only 30% had studied beyond primary school and 70% were in some special educational or working programme. Most of them lived in the family home (57%). The most prevalent somatic comorbidities were scoliosis (78%), respiratory problems (75%), dermatological lesions (50%), hyperlipidaemia (35%), hypothyroidism (26%), Type 2 diabetes mellitus (25%) and lymph oedema (22%). Some form of psychotropic treatment was prescribed in 58% of subjects, and sex hormones in 43%. Patients with deletion had a higher body mass index (44 vs. 38.9 kg/m(2)) and displayed higher frequency of sleep apnoeas. Non-deletion patients received insulin treatment (19% vs. 4%) and antipsychotic treatment (54.8% vs. 32.7%) more frequently. No difference was observed in the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes between the two genotype groups. Patients >27 years of age had a higher rate of comorbidities (Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, respiratory problems and lymph oedema). Gender differences were minor. CONCLUSIONS: Adult patients with PWS showed high prevalence of comorbid health problems that need to be monitored for early treatment. Some of them are influenced by genotype and age. Another salient problem concerns the lack of adapted structures for better social integration. Further data about the real life and health conditions of adults with PWS are necessary to further our knowledge of the natural history of the disease and to design appropriate care strategies.

Factors from the transtheoretical model differentiating between solar water disinfection (SODIS) user groups.

Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is a sustainable household water treatment technique that could prevent millions of deaths caused by diarrhoea. The behaviour change process necessary to move from drinking raw water to drinking SODIS is analysed with the Transtheoretical Model of Change (TTM). User groups and psychological factors that differentiate between types of users are identified. Results of a 1.5 year longitudinal study in Zimbabwe reveal distinguishing factors between groups, from which it can be deduced that they drive the development of user groups. Implications are drawn for campaigns with the aim of bringing all user types to a regular use.

Persuasion factors influencing the decision to use sustainable household water treatment.

Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is a sustainable water treatment method. With the help of the sun and plastic bottles, water is treated and illnesses prevented. This paper aims to identify the factors influencing SODIS uptake, that is, why someone may become a SODIS user. This uptake decision can be influenced by persuasion. From behaviour theory, variables are recognised which have been proven to influence intention and behaviour and simultaneously can be influenced by persuasion. A total of (n = 878) structured interviews were conducted in a field study in Zimbabwe. Linear and binary logistic regressions showed that several of the initially proposed persuasion variables have significant influence. Persuasion factors have a stronger influence on the uptake of SODIS use and on intention to use SODIS in the future than on the amount of SODIS water consumed. Ideas are presented for using the effective variables in future SODIS campaigns and campaigns in other fields.

[Traceability of drugs derived from blood: regulation and pharmaco-economic implications after 24 months of application in Paris CHU]. / Traçabilité des médicaments dérivés du sang: réglementation et implications pharmaco-économiques après 24 mois d'exercice dans un CHU Parisien.

Since January 1, 1995, the supply, stockage, dispensing and traceability of Blood Derivative Medicinal Products (BDMP) are subject to pharmaceutical regulations. A review of 24 months' application at Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital is presented and analysed. A distinction is drawn between two categories of BDMP: 1) anti-hemophilia BDMP, factors of plasma or recombinant origin; 2) non-anti-hemophilia BDMP, covering albumin, immunoglobulins (Ig), biological glues and other clotting factors. BDMP are subject to a hospital traceability procedure. In this respect, we have constructed a tryptic nominative model prescription, though dotations are granted for only certain prescription sectors (operating room, ICU) and certain products (biological glues, albumins). A dispensing-administration form is invariably attached to each bottle. Between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 1996, 8225 dispensing procedures for BDMP were recorded, with a total cost of 52,931,586 francs (i.e. 69% anti-hemophilia products v.s. 31% non-antihemophilia products). The Factor VIII market is divided more or less equally between factors of human and recombinant origin. The risk of viral transmission is considered to be virtually nil with recombinant products, despite their being stabilized by human albumin. The traceability rate of anti-hemophilia factors was 100%. Albumin consumption was 182,106 g at a cost of 3,358,250 francs. The following indications were adopted at a Local Medicines Committee: 1) in adults: hypoalbuminemia associated with edema or ascites; 2) in children: digestive disorders leading secondarily to exsudative enteropathy and/or hypoalbuminemia. Consumption of polyvalent Ig was 69,213 g, i.e. 10,856,722 francs. These products were prescribed in accordance with the directives of the Committee for Evaluation and Distribution of Technological Innovations. Consumption of specific Ig and biological glues may seem modest in relation to that of other products. BDMP expenditure appears particularly heavy here (about 26.5 MF/year) but consensual adoption of therapeutic guidelines has enabled rationalization of prescribing conditions with the best possible consideration of benefit/risk vs costs ratios. Traceability and drug safety monitoring procedures are linked to and integrated in the more global concept of Quality Assurance. Since January 1995, several withdrawals of batches have been recorded because of suspicion (or death due to) Creutzfeld-Jakob, or post-donation HIV seroconversion. In this area, the Hospital Pharmacist acts by the establishment in real time of a permanent safety link between the patient, a prescriber, an indication, a product prescribed and the product actually administered.