Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Carbapenêmicos/farmacologia , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Microbiologia da Água , beta-Lactamases/genética , Antibacterianos/metabolismo , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Carbapenêmicos/metabolismo , Elementos de DNA Transponíveis , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiologia , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Plasmídeos , Portugal , Rios/microbiologia , Resistência beta-Lactâmica , beta-Lactamases/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The nosocomial prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Portugal remains one of the highest in Europe and is currently around 50%. Transmission of S. aureus, including MRSA, occurs principally by direct human-to-human skin contact. However, S. aureus can survive for long periods on inanimate objects, which may represent an important reservoir for dissemination as well. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Between May 2009 and February 2010, handrails of 85 public urban buses circulating in Oporto, Portugal, were screened for the occurrence of MRSA. Twenty-two (26%) buses showed MRSA contamination. The molecular characterization of a total of 55 MRSA, by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) mec typing, spa typing, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST), clustered the isolates into three clonal types. However, the overwhelming majority (nâ=â50; 91%) of the isolates belonged to a single clone (PFGE A, spa types t747, t032, t025 or t020, ST22, SCCmec type IVh) that exhibits the characteristics of the pandemic EMRSA-15, currently the major lineage circulating in Portuguese hospitals, namely in the Oporto region. Two additional clones were found but in much lower numbers: (i) PFGE B, ST5, spa type t002, SCCmec IVa (nâ=â3), and (ii) PFGE C, spa type t008, ST8, SCCmec IVa (nâ=â2). None of the 55 isolates was PVL positive. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Public buses in Oporto seem to be an important reservoir of MRSA of nosocomial origin, providing evidence that the major hospital-associated MRSA clone in Portugal is escaping from the primary ecological niche of hospitals to the community environment. Infection control measures are urgently warranted to limit the spread of EMRSA-15 to the general population and future studies are required to assess the eventual increase of MRSA in the Portuguese community, which so far remains low.
Assuntos
Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Veículos Automotores , Células Clonais , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Humanos , Pandemias , Portugal/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologiaRESUMO
A variety of extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates, with a high rate of cefotaximase-15 resistance, were identified in seagull feces from Porto, Portugal, beaches. Beaches may therefore present a risk to public health because of the potential pathogen-spreading capacity of migratory birds.
