First contact: Fine structure of the impact flash and ejecta during hypervelocity impact.

Hypervelocity impacts are a significant threat in low-earth orbit and in hypersonic flight applications. The earliest observable phenomena and mechanisms activated under these extreme conditions are typically obscured by a very bright flash, called the impact flash, that contains the signatures of the critical mechanisms, the impacting materials, and the impact environment. However, these signatures have been very difficult to observe because of the small length and time scales involved coupled with the high intensities associated with the flash. Here we perform experiments investigating the structure and characteristics of the impact flash generated by 3 km s-1 spherical projectile impacts on structural metals using temporally co-registered high-resolution diagnostics. Reciprocal impact configurations, in which the projectile and target material are swapped, are used to demonstrate the coupling of early-stage mechanisms in the flash and later-stage ejection mechanisms responsible for the development of the impact crater.

A survey of bolus tube feeding prevalence and practice in adult patients requiring home enteral tube feeding.

Anecdotal evidence suggests the use of bolus tube feeding is increasing in the long-term home enteral tube feed (HETF) patients. A cross-sectional survey to assess the prevalence of bolus tube feeding and to characterise these patients was undertaken. Dietitians from ten centres across the UK collected data on all adult HETF patients on the dietetic caseload receiving bolus tube feeding (n 604, 60 % male, age 58 years). Demographic data, reasons for tube and bolus feeding, tube and equipment types, feeding method and patients' complete tube feeding regimens were recorded. Over a third of patients receiving HETF used bolus feeding (37 %). Patients were long-term tube fed (4·1 years tube feeding, 3·5 years bolus tube feeding), living at home (71 %) and sedentary (70 %). The majority were head and neck cancer patients (22 %) who were significantly more active (79 %) and lived at home (97 %), while those with cerebral palsy (12 %) were typically younger (age 31 years) but sedentary (94 %). Most patients used bolus feeding as their sole feeding method (46 %), because it was quick and easy to use, as a top-up to oral diet or to mimic mealtimes. Importantly, oral nutritional supplements (ONS) were used for bolus feeding in 85 % of patients, with 51 % of these being compact-style ONS (2·4 kcal (10·0 kJ)/ml, 125 ml). This survey shows that bolus tube feeding is common among UK HETF patients, is used by a wide variety of patient groups and can be adapted to meet the needs of a variety of patients, clinical conditions, nutritional requirements and lifestyles.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection among Asian Elephants in Captivity.

Although awareness of tuberculosis among captive elephants is increasing, antituberculosis therapy for these animals is not standardized. We describe Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission between captive elephants based on whole genome analysis and report a successful combination treatment. Infection control protocols and careful monitoring of treatment of captive elephants with tuberculosis are warranted.

An integrated approach to gene discovery and marker development in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).

Atlantic cod is a species that has been overexploited by the capture fishery. Programs to domesticate this species are underway in several countries, including Canada, to provide an alternative route for production. Selective breeding programs have been successfully applied in the domestication of other species, with genomics-based approaches used to augment conventional methods of animal production in recent years. Genomics tools, such as gene sequences and sets of variable markers, also have the potential to enhance and accelerate selective breeding programs in aquaculture, and to provide better monitoring tools to ensure that wild cod populations are well managed. We describe the generation of significant genomics resources for Atlantic cod through an integrated genomics/selective breeding approach. These include 158,877 expressed sequence tags (ESTs), a set of annotated putative transcripts and several thousand single nucleotide polymorphism markers that were developed from, and have been shown to be highly variable in, fish enrolled in two selective breeding programs. Our EST collection was generated from various tissues and life cycle stages. In some cases, tissues from which libraries were generated were isolated from fish exposed to stressors, including elevated temperature, or antigen stimulation (bacterial and viral) to enrich for transcripts that are involved in these response pathways. The genomics resources described here support the developing aquaculture industry, enabling the application of molecular markers within selective breeding programs. Marker sets should also find widespread application in fisheries management.

Integrating the markers Pan I and haemoglobin with the genetic linkage map of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).

BACKGROUND: Haemoglobin (Hb) and pantophysin (Pan I) markers have been used intensively in population studies of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and in the analysis of traits such as temperature tolerance, growth characteristics and sexual maturation. We used an Illumina GoldenGate panel and the KASPar SNP genotyping system to analyse SNPs in three Atlantic cod families, one of which was polymorphic at the Hb ß1 locus, and to generate a genetic linkage map integrating Pan I and multiple Hb loci. FINDINGS: Data generated allowed the mapping of nine Hb loci, the Pan I locus, and other 122 SNPs onto an existing linkage genetic map for Atlantic cod. Four Hb genes (i.e. α1, α4, ß1 and ß5) have been mapped on linkage group (LG) 2 while the other five (i.e. α2, α3, ß2, ß3 and ß4) were placed on LG18. Pan I was mapped on LG 1 using a newly developed KASPar assay for a SNP variable only in Pan IA allelic variants. The new linkage genetic map presented here comprises 1046 SNPs distributed between 23 linkage groups, with a length of 1145.6 cM. A map produced by forcing additional loci, resulting in a reduced goodness-of-fit for mapped markers, allowed the mapping of a total of 1300 SNPs. Finally, we compared our genetic linkage map data with the genetic linkage map data produced by a different group and identified 29 shared SNPs distributed on 10 different linkage groups. CONCLUSIONS: The genetic linkage map presented here incorporates the marker Pan I, together with multiple Hb loci, and integrates genetic linkage data produced by two different research groups. This represents a useful resource to further explore if Pan I and Hbs or other genes underlie quantitative trait loci (QTL) for temperature sensitivity/tolerance or other phenotypes.

Neuropsychological consultation with school personnel: what clinical neuropsychologists need to know.

Schools request consultation from neuropsychologists employed outside the school setting to enhance assessment and intervention for children with neurological, medical, and psychological conditions. The legislative and administrative parameters governing special education services for exceptional children most pertinent to the consulting neuropsychologist are examined. The role of the school-based multidisciplinary team in determining eligibility for special education is discussed. Potential roles for the clinical neuropsychologist on the school-based team and approaches to interprofessional collaboration between clinical neuropsychologists and school psychologists are presented. Reimbursement for services and ethical considerations are also discussed.

Academic health center management of chronic diseases through knowledge networks: Project ECHO.

The authors describe an innovative academic health center (AHC)-led program of health care delivery and clinical education for the management of complex, common, and chronic diseases in underserved areas, using hepatitis C virus (HCV) as a model. The program, based at the University of New Mexico School of Medicine, represents a paradigm shift in thinking and funding for the threefold mission of AHCs, moving from traditional fee-for-service models to public health funding of knowledge networks. This program, Project Extension for Community Health care Outcomes (ECHO), involves a partnership of academic medicine, public health offices, corrections departments, and rural community clinics dedicated to providing best practices and protocol-driven health care in rural areas. Telemedicine and Internet connections enable specialists in the program to comanage patients with complex diseases, using case-based knowledge networks and learning loops. Project ECHO partners (nurse practitioners, primary care physicians, physician assistants, and pharmacists) present HCV-positive patients during weekly two-hour telemedicine clinics using a standardized, case-based format that includes discussion of history, physical examination, test results, treatment complications, and psychiatric, medical, and substance abuse issues. In these case-based learning clinics, partners rapidly gain deep domain expertise in HCV as they collaborate with university specialists in hepatology, infectious disease, psychiatry, and substance abuse in comanaging their patients. Systematic monitoring of treatment outcomes is an integral aspect of the project. The authors believe this methodology will be generalizable to other complex and chronic conditions in a wide variety of underserved areas to improve disease outcomes, and it offers an opportunity for AHCs to enhance and expand their traditional mission of teaching, patient care, and research.

Rodent-associated Bartonella febrile illness, Southwestern United States.

Serum specimens from 114 patients hospitalized with a febrile illness were tested with an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using Bartonella antigens prepared from 6 species of sigmodontine rodents and 3 known human Bartonella pathogens: B. henselae, B. quintana, and B. elizabethae. Acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples from 5 of these patients showed seroconversion with an IFA titer >512 to rodent-associated Bartonella antigens. The highest titer was against antigen derived from the white-throated woodrat (Neotoma albigula), although this rodent is not necessarily implicated as the source of infection. Three of the 5 who seroconverted showed no cross-reaction to the 3 Bartonella human pathogens. Common clinical characteristics were fever, chills, myalgias, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and transaminasemia. Although antibodies to Bartonella are cross-reactive, high-titer seroconversions to rodent-associated Bartonella antigens in adults with common clinical characteristics should stimulate the search for additional Bartonella human pathogens.

Late hologene episodes of deformation along the central reelfoot scarp, Lake County, Tennessee

This research is desinged to assess Holocene tectonic defornmation in the Lake County uplift region, and to evaluate the recurrence of large - magnitude earthquakes in the Central New Madrid seismic zone. A 90-m long trench across the central reelfoot scarp exposed fluvial levee and overbank deposits overlain by colluvial deposits at the base of the scarp. Liquefaction related features include unweathered sand dikes and sills that intrude into the fluvial deposits. We interpret that the sand dikes and sills are results of the A.D. 1811-12 earthquakes, and that the colluvial deposits along the scarp estimated that the time between the two most - recent earthquakes large enough to produce liquefaction and/or surface deformation along the scarp is about 200 to 600 years (AU)