Emergency Medical Technician Training in Medical School on Preparation for Required National Board Exams and Clerkship Rotations: Results from a Student Survey.

Purpose: The University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville has incorporated Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) training into the first semester curriculum with students becoming state-certified EMTs and completing one ambulance shift per month throughout their pre-clerkship years. Although there have been programs that have reported EMT experiences in the pre-clinical years of medical education, student perceptions of how the EMT experiences help prepare them for board exams and clerkships is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure student perceptions regarding the impact of an EMT course and training in the pre-clerkship curriculum in medical school on helping prepare them for national board exams (ie USMLE® Step 1, 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK), 2 Clinical Skills (CS)) and clerkship rotations. Methods: Second-, third-, and fourth-year medical students at the University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville completed an anonymous voluntary survey with response rates of 66.3%, 55.2%, and 56.9%, respectively. The study was reviewed and exempted by the University of South Carolina Institutional Review Board. Results: Seventeen percent, 14%, and 41% of students agreed/strongly agreed an EMT course helped prepare them for the USMLE Step 1, Step 2 CK, and Step 2 CS exam, respectively. Sixty-four percent of students agreed/strongly agreed that an EMT course and experience helped prepare them for clerkship rotations. Conclusion: The findings in this study support EMT training and experience as an EMT as one method to help prepare students for clerkship rotations.

A Student Survey: Influence of Emergency Medical Technician Training on Student's Application, Matriculation, and Transition into Medical School.

Purpose: Medical education seeks to develop active methods of learning in addition to skills for patient interaction. With this in mind, the University of South Carolina (UofSC) School of Medicine Greenville developed a curriculum with an integrated emergency medical technician (EMT) certification course designed to provide a meaningful clinical experience for students; however, no data exists on whether this type of course influences a student's decision to apply to or attend a medical school and how such a course affects the transition to the medical school environment. The purpose of this study was to determine if an EMT course, as part of the medical school curriculum, influences students' decision to apply and attend a particular medical school and if this course influences students' transition to medical school while providing awareness of patients' lives and circumstances. Methods: A voluntary anonymous survey was distributed in Spring 2019 to first-, second-, third-, and fourth- year medical students at the UofSC School of Medicine Greenville. Response rates were 68.5%, 66.3%, 55.2%, and 56.9%, respectively. Results: Forty-three percent of students agreed/strongly agreed that the EMT course at UofSC School of Medicine Greenville factored into their decision to apply while 52% of students agreed/strongly agreed that it factored into their decision to attend. Students agreed/strongly agreed (82%) that the program helped with medical school transition. Ninety-one percent of students reported that EMT experiences increased awareness of patients' lives and circumstances. Conclusion: Students felt an EMT certification course at the beginning of the first year helped with the transition to medical school and increased awareness of patients' lives and circumstances.

Nkx2-5 Second Heart Field Target Gene Ccdc117 Regulates DNA Metabolism and Proliferation.

The cardiac transcription factor Nkx2-5 is essential for normal outflow tract (OFT) and right ventricle (RV) development. Nkx2-5-/- null mouse embryos display severe OFT and RV hypoplasia and a single ventricle phenotype due to decreased proliferation of Second Heart Field (SHF) cells, a pool of cardiac progenitors present in anterior pharyngeal arch mesoderm at mid-gestation. However, definition of the precise role of Nkx2-5 in facilitating SHF expansion is incomplete. We have found that Nkx2-5 positively and directly regulates a novel target gene, Ccdc117, in cells of the SHF at these stages. The nuclear/mitotic spindle associated protein Ccdc117 interacts with the MIP18/MMS19 cytoplasmic iron-sulfur (FeS) cluster assembly (CIA) complex, which transfers critical FeS clusters to several key enzymes with functions in DNA repair and replication. Loss of cellular Ccdc117 expression results in reduced proliferation rates associated with a delay at the G1-S transition, decreased rates of DNA synthesis, and unresolved DNA damage. These results implicate a novel role for Nkx2-5 in the regulation of cell cycle events in the developing heart, through Ccdc117's interaction with elements of the CIA pathway and the facilitation of DNA replication during SHF expansion.