Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: treating trauma and substance abuse.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a new psychological methodology that has been applied to a wide range of psychological disorders. Clinical reports over the past three years indicate that it is an important addition to the treatment of substance abuse. EMDR offers a structured, client-centered model that integrates key elements of intrapsychic, behavioral, cognitive, body-oriented, and interactional approaches. Treatment effects are quite rapid and, during an individual session, the therapist may witness accelerated processing of information involving a shift of cognitive structures (including the assimilation of positive beliefs) along with the desensitization of attendent traumata. The application of EMDR apparently stimulates an inherent physiological processing system that allows dysfunctional information to be adaptively resolved, resulting in increased insight and more functional behavior. The judicious use of EMDR includes a comprehensive client history and extensive preparation, allowing the client to deal with the high levels of disturbance often engendered by the treatment itself. After the inauguration of a sufficient therapeutic alliance, adequately addressing potential issues of secondary gain, and appropriate client stabilization, EMDR may be used to ameliorate the effects of earlier memories that contribute to the dysfunction, potential relapse triggers, and physical cravings. In addition, EMDR is used to incorporate new coping skills and assist in learning more adaptive behaviors. Other potential targets for reprocessing include treatment noncompliance, ambivalence about abstinence, and present crises. Finally, EMDR should be used on this clinical population only by a trained clinician who is educated and experienced with this problem area.

Personality, sexuality, and demographic differences between volunteers and nonvolunteers for a laboratory study of male sexual behavior.

Personality, sexuality, and demographic differences were examined in volunteers and nonvolunteers for a laboratory study of male sexual arousal. Subjects were 108 participants in a questionnaire study entitled "Personality and Sexuality", who were then asked to volunteer for a second study which necessitated watching sexually explicit films, being partially undressed in an experimental chamber, and having penile diameter measured via a strain gauge device. Volunteers for the second study were found to be less guilty, less sexually fearful, more sexually experienced, and older than nonvolunteers. Volunteers also reported a higher incidence of past erectile difficulties and tended to be White or of mixed racial heritage, as opposed to being Oriental. Other personality variables did not discriminate between the two groups. The results indicate that future research in human sexuality using the laboratory analytic method must impose strict limits on generalization from the research data.